以價值信念規範理論探討登山客對無痕山林的認同感與環境行為

Abstract

根據行政院農業委員會林務局的研究報告顯示，臺灣的森林面積達到219.7萬公頃，覆蓋率更達到60.71％的高度。政府在2019年10月21日的「向山致敬」宣佈會上，詳細說明國家山林解禁政策的內容與安排，並以「開放山林」、「資訊透明」、「便民服務」、「教育普及」及「明確責任」這五項政策主軸去推動和開放山林，讓更多人走進山林。此政策促進山林解禁，讓更多人能夠走進自然環境中，但與此同時自然環境也同樣承受經濟開發和環境破壞的壓力。因此，圍繞人與自然的關係，如何與自然共存成為一個重要的議題。研究者認為環境價值觀、環境信念、環境行為存在關聯性。人們在山林中的行為很大程度反映出人對自然的認識。在正確的觀念引導下，可以有效降低人類與山林的衝突，讓人與自然能和諧共存、減少衝突，達到永續發展的雙贏局面。因此，為有效地在未來推動山野教育-無痕山林環境教育，本研究深入了解登山客基於不同山野教育下的個人規範和主觀規範，並使用價值信念規範（value-belief-norm, VBN）理論，分析如何有效落實保護山林環境，並找出達到此目標的主要的影響因素。本研究自2021年8月至同年10月，以社群網站等方式，共發放616份，有效問卷500份 （佔81.1%）、無效問卷116份（佔19%），研究之結論顯示，接受調查的訪談對象在年齡高者、教育程度高者，對於無痕山林七大行動準則較為認同，但是和登山年資無涉。無痕山林在臺灣至今已經實施了15年。研究者將以問卷調查或訪談的方式探討無痕山林的觀念對登山客的登山行為的影響。再進一步依研究之結果，利用數據論證無痕山林概念在山野教育中的重要性，建議政府應該對於青年登山者強化無痕山林之觀念建立。The forest area in Taiwan is about 2.197 million hectares, and the forest coverage rate is accounted for 60.71% in the entire island nation of Taiwan. Regarding to gain rich natural resources, with the proposed project of boosting mountain tourism, the Taiwan government put forward the policy with"open forest", "information transparency", "convenience services", "universal education", and "clear responsibilities" in the press conference of "Salute the mountains" on November 21, 2019. This policy promotes to boost mountain tourism, allowing more people to get closer to the natural environment. In the meantime, natural environment, however, is also enduring the pressure of the economic development and environmental destruction by human beings. Therefore, how to coexist with nature is becoming one of the crucial issues around the relationships between human being and nature.I believe that there is a relationship between environmental value, environmental belief, environmental behavior, and behaviors of human being in natural identities which is greatly related to their conceptions of nature in reflexivity. Under the guidance of the correct concept, I assume that humans can effectively reduce the conflicts with nature, as well as to achieve a win-win situation of harmonious coexistence between human, nature, and their sustainable development in lives. In order to encourage mountain education- LNT effectively in the future, my research has been focused on the mountaineers with personal norm and subjective norm based on different mountainous education they accepted. I have also tried to use VBN theory to analyze how to protect the natural environment in a better way to find the main factors which could be helpful toward my research goals to achieve the results. In this study, a total of 616 questionnaires were distributed through websites in social networking, including 500 valid questionnaires (81.1%) and 116 invalid questionnaires (19%). The conclusions of this study represents that the interviewees’ response to be turned a trend toward agreeing with the seven criteria at the LNT with a higher age and a higher education level. However, they have represented nothing to do with the seniority of mountaineering. Leave No Trace, LNT, has been in operation in Taiwan for above 15 years. I then explored the influence of the concept of LNT the behavior of mountaineers through questionnaires and interviews. The final results I demonstrated the importance of LNT in mountain education based on the data to be collected, suggesting that the government should strengthen the concept of LNT for young mountaineers to secure the entire natural value in forests.