立志與實踐──歸有光〈項脊軒志〉的詮釋與教學設計

Abstract

本研究留心到高中國文教材選文〈項脊軒志〉，認為此文是歸有光自表其立志心態的文章。此觀察與詮釋是基於對歸有光生平的認識與瞭解，力求貼切作者為文時的意念與情思。弱冠前的歸有光寫作〈項脊軒志〉，確立並宣告自己的志向；而立後的他停下腳步檢視自己的實踐成果，有感而發地書寫〈項脊軒志‧後記〉。像歸有光這般立下人生志向並勇敢實踐，是高中學習階段的學生需要培養、建立的能力，不論是歸有光寫作〈項脊軒志〉的時間，抑或是文中展現的人生階段性目標，都相當適合於課堂中提出與學生做討論，成為一典範與指引。本研究共分五章，第一章「緒論」，說明研究動機與目的、相關文獻探討、研究方法與步驟。第二章「歸有光的志向確立」，從歸有光的幼年教育、交游情況、身處的時代風氣，以及個人的立志宣言談起，論述並考察歸有光確立志向的經過。第三章「歸有光的志向實踐」，先闡述明代朝廷的教育目標及儒家遵循的自我實現理念，接著以歸有光向內修身、對外參與社會的角度，瞭解其實踐志向時的終極目標與生命境界，而後討論他的仕宦之途，明白他如何應對仕宦生涯與理想的差距。第四章「項脊軒志教學設計」，先針對〈項脊軒志〉進行文本分析，以見歸有光立志與實踐的心路歷程，接著以教師的立場設計教學方案及課堂活動，並說明預期的成效。第五章「結論」，總結研究成果，希冀以歸有光立志與實踐的角度重新闡釋〈項脊軒志〉，為高中國文教學帶來助益，並提供新的啟發。This study closely examines the selected text Xiang Ji Xuan Zhi from Chinese language textbooks for students in high school, viewing it as a piece in which Gui You-Guang expresses his determination and aspirations. This interpretation is based on an understanding of Gui You-Guang’s life and aims to capture the intentions and emotions he had when writing this piece.Before the age of twenty, Gui You-Guang wrote Xiang Ji Xuan Zhi to establish and proclaim his aspirations. After the age of thirty, as he reflected on his progress and achievements, he composed Postscript to Xiang Ji Xuan Zhi with renewed insight. Gui You-Guang’s commitment to setting life goals and pursuing them with courage serves as an important example for high school students, encouraging them to cultivate similar skills. Both the timing of Gui You-Guang’s writing and the setting of his life goals expressed in the text provide an excellent basis for classroom discussion, offering students a valuable model and guidance for personal development.This study is divided into five chapters. Chapter One, “Introduction,” explains the the motivation and the purpose of the research, reviews relevant literature, and outlines the research methods and steps. Chapter Two, “Establishing Gui You-Guang’s Aspirations,” begins with his early education, friendships, the cultural atmosphere of his era, and his personal declarations of ambition, discussing how he came to set his goals. Chapter Three, “Fulfilling Gui Youguang’s Aspirations,” first explains the educational goals in Ming Dynasty and self-fulfillment from Confucian ideals. It then explores Gui You-Guang’s self-cultivation and social involvement to understand his ultimate objectives and life ideals, followed by a discussion of his career path to clarify how he coped with the gap between his career and his ideals. Chapter Four, “Teaching Design based on Xiang Ji Xuan Zhi,” begins with a textual analysis of Xiang Ji Xuan Zhi to reveal Gui You-Guang’s journey in setting and pursuing his aspirations. Then, it provides a template for teachers when creating a teaching plan and classroom activities, along with expected outcomes. Chapter Five, “Conclusion,” summarizes the findings of research, aiming to reinterpret Xiang Ji Xuan Zhi through Gui You-Guang’s perspective on setting and fulfilling goals, offering insights and inspiration for Chinese language teaching in high school.