《清華大學藏戰國竹簡》中的殷商記憶研究
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2022
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本論文主要藉由記憶研究的相關理論，以《清華大學藏戰國竹簡》中關於殷商歷史諸篇文章為研究範疇，針對簡文內容進行梳理與分析研究，並進一步地去探究戰國時人在當時社會情境下如何回憶商代的人、事、物，又是如何從過去的社會歷史記憶中選材，並混合其他元素以製造新的社會歷史記憶。亦即將「為什麼要記憶殷商歷史？」「如何記憶殷商歷史？」作為本文的核心關懷。本文透過「人物形象」、「地方象徵」、「書寫與文化」與「思想內涵」等作為切入點，剖析清華簡諸篇簡文，初步得出以下成果：首先，簡文內容主要是以「商湯代夏」與「武丁中興」為記憶脈絡，反映出戰國時期的政治情勢，即君王欲「取而代之」、「中興」。並且藉著凸顯「聖君賢臣」典範——商湯與伊尹、殷高宗（武丁）與傅說、三壽，簡文作者依託故事，透過這些賢臣取得話語權，向當時的君王訴說，傳達自己的政治思想，因此「君問臣答」的形式成為當時流行的敘事模式。其次，這些賢臣的原生身份並非相當顯赫，但都能以自身才能得到明君的賞識，這或許也能呈現當時某一群士階層的自我認同——不論出身，重視才能。也因此希望君王能如殷商的明君一樣，賞識自己，如此為臣者必然恭命。第三，殷商記憶不只顯現在人物、事件上，更隱身於地方中。在「說邑」、「湯丘」、「亳」、「洹水」等地名上，使人一望便能喚醒對殷商的記憶，除此之外，透過紀錄地名與建築亦能為故事增添真實感。第四，雖然是喚醒殷商的記憶，但簡文作者在描述相關情節時，亦不免將當代自身的文化現象、觀點加入於文字之中，也因此我們可以看到春秋戰國時期流行的「結盟」、「間諜」、「養老」、「占卜」、「巫術」等現象。第五，依託故事僅是作者的手段，重點還是在於思想內容。在簡文中，我們可以發現帝、天的影響力並未完全消失，仍然影響著人事。在政治上，「德目」的建立與內涵的闡述，都是在這些「名」之下進行「實」的論述。關鍵詞：清華簡、殷商、記憶、自我認同
This study mainly uses the relevant theories of memory research, takes the articles on the history of Shang Dynasty in"the Warring States Bamboo-Strip Manuscripts Collected by Tsinghua University"（《清華大學藏戰國竹簡》）as the research category, sorts out and analyzes the content of the brief articles, and further explores the history of people in the Warring States Period. How to recall the people, events, and things of the Shang Dynasty in the social situation at that time, and how to select materials from past social and historical memories and mix other elements to create new social and historical memories. Also, "Whyremember the history of Shang Dynasty?" and "How to remember the history of Shang Dynasty?" will be the core concerns of this study. Using "character image", "local symbol", "writing and culture" and "ideological connotation" as the starting point, this study analyzes "the Warring States Bamboo-Strip Manuscripts Collected by Tsinghua University", and initially draws the following results: First of all, the content of the brief text is mainly based on the memory context of "Shang Tang（商湯） replaced Xia（夏）" and " Shang Dynasty are revived by Wuding（武丁）", reflecting the political situation in the Warring States period, that is, the kings wanted to "replace" and "revive". And by highlighting the models of "sage king and worthy ministers" - Shang Tang（商湯） and Yi Yin（伊尹）, Yin Gaozong (Wuding) （殷高宗／武丁）and Fu Yue（傅說）, and Sanshou（三壽）, the author of relies on the story to gain the right to speak through these worthy ministers and tell the kings at that time, To convey his own political thoughts, the form of "monarch asks ministers to answer" becamea popular narrative mode at that time.Secondly, the original identities of these ministers were not very prominent, but they were all appreciated by the wise rulers for their talents, which may also show the self-identity of a certain group of scholars at that time—regardless of their background, the kings valued their talents. Therefore, hope that the monarch can appreciate himself like the Ming monarch of the Shang Dynasty.Third, the memories of Shang Dynasty not only appear in characters and events, but also in places. The names of places such as"Yueyi（說邑）", "Tangqiu（湯丘）", "Bo（亳）", and "Huanshui（洹水）" can awaken the memory of Shang Dynasty at a glance. In addition, Adding realism to the story by recording place names and buildings. Fourth, although it is to awaken the memory of Shang Dynasty, when describing the relevant plots, the authors inevitably added contemporary cultural phenomena and viewpoints into the text. Therefore, we can see the popular in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, "alliance", "spy", " provide for the aged", "divination", "witchcraft" and other phenomena. Fifth, the story is only the author's means, and the focus is still on the ideological content. In the text, we can find that the influence of the emperor and the sky has not completely disappeared, but still affects human affairs. Politically, the establishment of "virtue goals" and the elaboration of their connotations are all based on these "names" to carry out "real" discussions. Key words: the Warring States Bamboo-Strip Manuscripts Collected by Tsinghua University,Shang Dynasty, memory, self-identity
This study mainly uses the relevant theories of memory research, takes the articles on the history of Shang Dynasty in"the Warring States Bamboo-Strip Manuscripts Collected by Tsinghua University"（《清華大學藏戰國竹簡》）as the research category, sorts out and analyzes the content of the brief articles, and further explores the history of people in the Warring States Period. How to recall the people, events, and things of the Shang Dynasty in the social situation at that time, and how to select materials from past social and historical memories and mix other elements to create new social and historical memories. Also, "Whyremember the history of Shang Dynasty?" and "How to remember the history of Shang Dynasty?" will be the core concerns of this study. Using "character image", "local symbol", "writing and culture" and "ideological connotation" as the starting point, this study analyzes "the Warring States Bamboo-Strip Manuscripts Collected by Tsinghua University", and initially draws the following results: First of all, the content of the brief text is mainly based on the memory context of "Shang Tang（商湯） replaced Xia（夏）" and " Shang Dynasty are revived by Wuding（武丁）", reflecting the political situation in the Warring States period, that is, the kings wanted to "replace" and "revive". And by highlighting the models of "sage king and worthy ministers" - Shang Tang（商湯） and Yi Yin（伊尹）, Yin Gaozong (Wuding) （殷高宗／武丁）and Fu Yue（傅說）, and Sanshou（三壽）, the author of relies on the story to gain the right to speak through these worthy ministers and tell the kings at that time, To convey his own political thoughts, the form of "monarch asks ministers to answer" becamea popular narrative mode at that time.Secondly, the original identities of these ministers were not very prominent, but they were all appreciated by the wise rulers for their talents, which may also show the self-identity of a certain group of scholars at that time—regardless of their background, the kings valued their talents. Therefore, hope that the monarch can appreciate himself like the Ming monarch of the Shang Dynasty.Third, the memories of Shang Dynasty not only appear in characters and events, but also in places. The names of places such as"Yueyi（說邑）", "Tangqiu（湯丘）", "Bo（亳）", and "Huanshui（洹水）" can awaken the memory of Shang Dynasty at a glance. In addition, Adding realism to the story by recording place names and buildings. Fourth, although it is to awaken the memory of Shang Dynasty, when describing the relevant plots, the authors inevitably added contemporary cultural phenomena and viewpoints into the text. Therefore, we can see the popular in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, "alliance", "spy", " provide for the aged", "divination", "witchcraft" and other phenomena. Fifth, the story is only the author's means, and the focus is still on the ideological content. In the text, we can find that the influence of the emperor and the sky has not completely disappeared, but still affects human affairs. Politically, the establishment of "virtue goals" and the elaboration of their connotations are all based on these "names" to carry out "real" discussions. Key words: the Warring States Bamboo-Strip Manuscripts Collected by Tsinghua University,Shang Dynasty, memory, self-identity
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清華簡, 殷商, 記憶, 自我認同, the Warring States Bamboo-Strip Manuscripts Collected by Tsinghua University, Shang Dynasty, memory, self-identity