法律推理與禮教秩序---白居易「百道判」新釋義

Abstract

白居易「百道判」大致都是他中舉登科之後，準備應吏部「書判拔萃科」 科目考之前的習作，並且後來在「選人」之間被當作範本流傳。但學界或有將「百 道判」視為白居易為官期間的判案彙編者；或有僅視之為「戲謔之作」者。其實 兩者都是嚴重誤解。 筆者當時為撰寫該會議論文，已將「百道判」每道判文「擬題」的「出處」 初步考究完成，確認白居易自訂的每道判題均有所本，或出於律典、或出於經書、 或出於正史；少數判題出處兼及其他子部文獻。筆者並就白居易對每道判文的個 別回答作出分析，因而對「百道判」有較全面認識，並深以為白居易「百道判」 蘊藏著豐富的法制史料和白居易個人法律推理的準則和對禮教秩序的看法，值得 深入剖析。 本研究計畫即希望在這樣的基礎上，進一步將初步蒐集的「百道判」史料進 行全面性的分析與解讀，釐清學界若干誤解，企盼「百道判」所蘊藏的法制史料 能得到充分認識，俾有助於學界充分而有效地運用該史料。預計完成四個子計 畫：〈白居易百道判新釋義〉、〈白居易「百道判」的法律推理與法律解釋〉、〈白 居易「百道判」的禮教觀〉和〈論白居易對公務違失的態度—以「百道判」的分 析為中心〉。The so-called “Pan” was one of the examination subjects in T’ang Dynasty. The questions of the “Pan” were usually formulated from the lawsuits or historical affairs in the historical literatures. Written by Bai Jü Yi, “Bai-Dao” legal precedent was an exercise in composition after he passed the preliminary but before he attended the final examinations held by the Judiciary. This legal precedent was so popular that it was considered as a typical copy circulated by the examinees. However, it was a misleading by taking this precedent as an official omnibus of legal precedents. The scopes of the “Bai-Dao legal precedent” were divided into two categories. The first category is the criminal cases and the cases of the negligence due to the administration. The second one was the maintenance of the order and law under the Confucianism. Those lawsuit cases belonging to the first category reflected the spirits of Bai Jü Yi as an honorable person of law-abiding. For those lawsuit cases in the latter category, they reflected his ultimate intention to maintain the ethical code under the Confucianism.