漢晉時期荊州南部的社會與經濟──以走馬樓吳簡為中心的討論

Abstract

在東漢向兩晉演變的歷史過程之中，江南地區之開發大幅邁進，相關的變化更成為學術研究重點。然而，過去之研究大多集中在揚州地區，對荊州地區較少著墨，實屬缺憾。本文擬以出土在荊州南部的長沙走馬樓三國吳簡為中心，探究荊州南部的社會、經濟相關課題。 透過走馬樓吳簡的豐富資料，得以逐一重新檢視、發現區域、人口、土地、工商業、社會結構等諸多不同課題。首先就區域角度言，荊州城市在漢晉時期發展迅速，但在孫吳政權的治理之下，荊州屬於備受壓抑的區域，當地人士較少參與孫吳政權。其次，就人口角度言，孫吳戶籍制度與漢代相較，文書格式已有若干改變，孫吳戶籍制度與河西地區的戶籍制度並未有直接傳承關係。此時的家庭規模以五口之家為主，還可注意到父母會延遲申報未成年人的戶口。再次，土地問題顯示長沙社會雖存在富者土地貴美且多之情形，但尚非貧富差距嚴重之社會。復次，工商業問題可由「賈行錢」、「租錢」、「行錢」、「具錢」四個名詞為開端，進而了解長沙地區的民間商業、官營手工業、貨幣等三方面運作之方式。最後，針對社會結構問題，長沙地區「吏」的性質與秦漢時期性質相似，他們的身分與豪族社會關係較近，並非屬於魏晉南北朝時期身分低賤的「吏」。 總之，透過走馬樓吳簡可以了解漢晉時期荊州南部地區社會、經濟的發展，解釋過去諸多難解之課題，並彰顯荊州南部地區的活躍。從宏觀角度論起，則可以理解諸多孫吳制度在地方的應用情形，以及與前後時代之關係。 There is boom in development of Jiangnan from the Eastern Han Dynasty to the Jin Dynasty, and such process has become one hot topic among researchers. However, most academic researchers were focused on Yangzhou rather than Jingzhou while both of them were major part of Jiangnan. This dissertation will focus on Zoumalou Wu Jian, which was excavated in Changsha of Southern Jingzhou, to discuss related social and economic topics of Southern Jingzhou in Han-Jin period. It’s possible to discuss various detailed social and economic topics with abundant records from Zoumalou Wu Jian, while most of them were difficult or next to impossible to research before the excavation of Zoumalou Wu Jian. First, on the Regional history, while there is a boom in development of cities in Jingzhou, it was under heavy political suppression by the administration of Eastern Wu, and that makes it worth more to look into the development of this region. Second, on the Population history, Eastern Wu has developed several differences in Household system but without direct influence over Household system of Liangzhou in later era. We can also observe that average household population size is 5 and most parents didn’t register their children at birth but at later stage. Third, on the Land problem, the riches in Changsha do have more and better land but the gap between riches and poor isn’t that great. Fourth, on the Economic history, it can be start with four different noun: “Jia Xin Qian”, “Zu Qian”, “Xin Qian” and “Ju Qian”. These “Qian”(Money) can be related to public business income, private sector transaction taxes and different accounting sign. Fifth, on the Social structure, the properties of the “li” (official) in Zoumalou Wu Jian is much similar to Qin-Han period as people with higher social stance rather than as people with very low social stance in the Wei-Jin period. Last but not least, we’re only being able to have a grip on the Social and Economic development of Southern Jingzhou in Han-Jin period and to solve many puzzles with details provided by the Zoumalou Wu Jian. And on larger scope, it’s possible to examine how state political system was applied in local area and its relation with other period.