自我控制回饋頻率對動作表現、學習與錯誤偵察能力的影響及其年齡差異

Abstract

目的：本研究以引導假說，結合動作發展觀點，探討自主要求的自我控制回饋頻率與年齡差異及其交互作用對動作表現、學習與錯誤偵察能力的影響。方法：招募兒童、成人與老人共90位實驗參與者，在獲得期進行線性移動工作60次試作。實驗參與者皆接受自我控制回饋的操弄，並依各組在獲得期相對回饋頻率高低，分成相對較高頻率自我控制回饋組與相對較低頻率自我控制回饋組。依變項為動作距離絕對誤差值、錯誤估計絕對誤差值與自我控制回饋頻率。獲得期以混合設計三因子變異數（年齡頻率區間）進行分析，其中區間為重複量數；立即與延遲保留測驗以獨立樣本二因子變異數（年齡頻率）進行分析；此外，以混合設計二因子變異數分析（年齡練習期），計算獲得期的回饋頻率，其中練習期為重複量數。結果：一、在獲得期絕對誤差值上，只有年齡和區間達顯著差異，且成人優於兒童，而在獲得期的回饋頻率上，年齡與練習期的交互作用達統計顯著差異；二、在立即與延遲保留測驗的絕對誤差值和錯誤估計絕對誤差值皆顯示，年齡與回饋頻率的交互作用達統計顯著差異。結論：促進動作表現和學習的最佳自我控制回饋頻率，隨年齡而改變。建議：任何有關獲得動作技能的描述，必須考量發展的條件。

This study combined the concept of guidance hypothesis and motor development to investigate the effects of frequencies in self-controlled knowledge of results (SCKR) and age differences on motor performance, learning and error detection capability. Ninety participants were recruited from children, adults, and older adults. All participants performed a linear position task under the manipulation of SCKR consisting of 60 trials during acquisition phase. According to feedback relative frequency level of acquisition, participants were dived into higher or lower SCKR frequency groups. The dependent variables were the absolute error scores of movement distance (AE), error estimation (︱O－S｜), and the frequencies of SCKR. Mixed designed three-way ANOVA (ages  frequencies  blocks) with repeated measures on blocks during the acquisition phase was used. Independent two-way ANOVA (ages  frequencies) was used for immediate and delayed retention test. Moreover, we calculated the frequencies of acquisition phase by mixed designed two- way ANOVA (ages  practice phase) with repeated measures on practice phase. The results showed that (1) during acquisition phase, ages and blocks were significantly different (p＜.05), in which adults were better than children on AE, and the interaction of ages  practice phase was significantly different on frequencies (p＜.05); (2) in immediate and delayed retention test, the interactions of ages  frequencies were significantly different on AE and on ︱O－S｜ (p＜.05). The conclusion is the optimal frequencies of SCKR to enhance motor performance and learning change with age, and the suggestion is any description of motor skill acquisition must account for the developmental level.