日本時代臺灣初、中等學校的體育課程

Abstract

本文探討日本時代臺灣五十年間初、中等學校的體育課程，藉由當時的官方檔案、學校資料、時人及後人日記、回憶錄及訪談來回答「體育課的課程規定」、「體育課實施的實際情況」、「學生的感想或影響」等三個層次的問題，思考日本時代體育課對臺灣社會的意義。 體育課程隨著臺灣總督府推行西方近代教育傳入臺灣，自1896年起以「體操科」之名進入各級學校，除了正式課程中的普通體操、教練、遊戲及競技、衛生與武道等項目，尚有課外的社團活動及運動會。1941年改制為國民學校以後，體操科更名為「體鍊科」，授課內容更加著重於軍事訓練。 對臺灣社會來說，體育課程作為國家教育的一環，最初的目的是改造臺人的身體。進入戰爭期以後，初等學校體鍊科作為皇國民訓練身心一體重要的場所，中等學校的學生則被當作準軍人養成，授予嚴格的軍事訓練。體育課程是日本時代臺灣學童不可抹滅的身體記憶，臺人子弟的體格雖然因而改善，也得到接觸各項體育活動及運動項目的機會，但也因此受到嚴格的軍事訓練，甚至成為被國家動員的身體。The purpose of this research is to investigate how Taiwanese Physical Education (PE) course had been influenced under Japanese rule for five decades long. The research will mainly focus on PE course in primary and secondary education. In this research, we’ll target on three main questions which are: “What were the regulations for PE course?” “How PE course had been implemented practically?” and “What had PE course influenced students?” The answers for these questions are based on the resources collected from documents of schools and officials, diaries or memoirs then and now, and the analysis of some interviews. Since 1896, Taiwan Sotoku had replaced the name of “Physical Education” with “Gymnastics” due to western education being transmitted in Taiwan. Gymnastics course included regular gymnastic practice, military training, activities, athletic performance, sanitation, and martial art. There were also extracurricular activities and sports competition at that time. Right after the political reformation in 1941, “Gymnastics” again was changed to be called “ti-lian-ke(體鍊科)” in which the course focused more on military training. To some extent, PE course has played a very important role in our society, especially when its core goal was to raise people’s awareness of health. During war time, primary schools became the main training places for Japanization to do military practice. As for students in secondary schools, these soldiers-to-be were also given strict military trainings. These memories are indelible, sometimes painful, even though Taiwanese students did make much improvement for their health conditions. However, things are bifacial. On one hand, Taiwanese students had chances to participate in various kinds of sports and athletic competitions. On the other hand, they were also forced to accept rigorous military training at the same time, which was the most loyal way to contribute to country.