海外台獨與國民黨政府的對抗－以1970年刺蔣事件為中心的討論

Abstract

1970年，是海外台獨運動史上重要的一年。經由長時間的交流與合作，美國、日本、歐洲及加拿大四地的海外台獨團體成立了「世界性的台灣獨立聯盟(WUFI)」。此外，因發表「臺灣自救運動宣言」而受到國民黨政府軟禁的彭明敏成功從台灣脫逃至瑞典。上述事件使得海外台獨運動的聲勢頓時如日中天。另一方面，美國總統尼克森上任後，面對越戰問題以及冷戰對抗，決定採取聯合中華人民共和國以制衡蘇聯的策略。隨著美國中國政策的轉向，中華民國的國際地位──尤其是在聯合國的地位，受到了嚴重的威脅。 1970年4月19日，蔣經國進行第五次的訪美活動。面對風雨飄搖的外交困境，蔣經國作為蔣介石的接班人，亟欲鞏固中華民國與美國之間的關係，以維護中華民國在聯合國地位。面對蔣經國的訪美，海外台獨運動者分別在美國的東、西兩岸策畫了三場刺殺計畫。其中，黃文雄、鄭自才於4月24日的行刺計畫雖然未成功擊殺蔣經國，且兩人隨即遭到逮捕。但是黃文雄擊出的那一發子彈，震驚了當時的海外台灣人以及美國社會，後人將此事件稱之為「四二四刺蔣事件」(簡稱「刺蔣事件」)。經過了一年的法院審理，黃文雄及鄭自才的罪刑皆被確定，然而兩人最後皆選擇棄保逃亡他國。兩人逃亡的舉動不僅重挫了海外台獨的士氣，同時也造成台獨聯盟內部的對立與分裂，可謂影響深遠。 「刺蔣事件」雖然只是一個不到一分鐘的刺殺事件，但是事件背後所呈現出來的，是1960年代國際政治的縮影，以及海外台獨勢力與國民黨政府之間的對抗關係。本文希望以「刺蔣事件」這一個點為中心，一窺當時的時代氛圍。The year of 1970 was an important time for Overseas Taiwanese Independence Movement. After a long period of communication and cooperation, groups in America, Japan, Europe and Canada worked together and established the “World United Formosans for Independence”(WUFI). In addition, Peng Ming-min, who had been placed under house arrest by the KMT government because of the “A Declaration of Formosan Self-salvation”, successfully escaped from Taiwan to Sweden. Both incidents increased the momentum of Overseas Taiwanese Independence Movement. On the other hand, Richard Nixon, President of the United States, decided to ally with People's Republic of China in order to solve the problems of the Vietnam War and the menace of the Soviet Union. As the United States changed her China policy, the international status of the Republic of China, especially the status in the United Nation, had been threatened. On April 19th 1970, Chiang Ching-kuo, the Vice Premier of the Republic of China, set out his fifth visit to the United States. As the successor of Chiang Kai-shek, Chiang Ching-kuo was devoted to maintaining the relationship between the Republic of China and the United States. On the other hand, some Taiwan Independence activists attempted to assassinate Chiang Ching-kuo. On April 24th 1970, Peter Huang and Tzu-tsai Cheng, members of the WUFI, tried to shoot at Chiang Ching-kuo but failed, and both of them ended up being caught. The news of the assassination shocked the American society and overseas Taiwanese. After a year of court process, Peter Huang and Tzu-tsai Cheng were convicted of attempted murder. However, they chose to escape before the adjudication was given. As a result of their escape, The WUFI faced an internal debate and eventually divided. This thesis focus on the assassination of Chiang Ching-kuo, and discusses international politics in the 1960s, the development of the WUFI and the confrontation between Overseas Taiwanese Independence Movement and the KMT government.