伊能嘉矩的臺灣研究與知識建構

Abstract

引發筆者注意伊能嘉矩的臺灣知識建構，主要來自清代臺灣統治議題。伊能嘉矩在臺灣研究上的豐碩成果，直接影響戰後的臺灣研究，也因爲伊能嘉矩的歷史詮釋，造就出伊能嘉矩的臺灣研究史觀。本文試圖以史家詮釋歷史為切入點，分析伊能嘉矩知識建構時的思維，並且重新檢閱其來臺灣前後的發展歷程。分析方式著重史家的人物研究為主軸，結合時代背景中日本政府與東京人類學會對伊能嘉矩的影響，探究伊能嘉矩的發展歷程與建構的思維。 誠如伊能嘉矩來臺灣之初衷所云，「以自家自手，開拓自己的道路」，但這條道路走起來並不順遂。開啓伊能嘉矩來臺灣發展的契機，首先於1893年進入東京帝國大學學習人類學，其後朝鮮與北海道調查學習。緊接著於1895年伊能嘉矩為創立自家之言而來臺灣發展。除藉由東京人類學會的「知識網絡」獲得更多臺灣知識外，伊能嘉矩也努力從頭學習臺灣知識，累積各項田野調查經驗，循序漸進的完成臺灣北部調查。並把握1897年的「蕃人教育設施準備に関する調查」機會，伊能嘉矩總算完成概略性的全臺灣調查。 1898年兒玉源太郎與後藤新平的統治政策轉變，「半官方」組織的林立，以及後續的官方調查行動，給予伊能嘉矩更多發展的機會與舞台。同時，伊能嘉矩也逐步地建立屬於自己的學術網絡。相對的，此時的伊能嘉矩研究從以蕃人為主，因政策與身份任務因素而轉入漢人研究。學術發展以外，於1900年巴黎萬國博覽會中，臺灣以日本殖民地身分成為展示給世界的展品，展品意象的建構來源之一為伊能嘉矩研究成果，影響往後日本的國內外博覽會的臺灣的展出意像。 1895年至1905年的潛心研究，以及後續數次的短暫來臺灣調查，在臺灣的十年研究歷程中，伊能嘉矩專注於自己的研究之外，仍需完成坪井正五郎的學術要求，以及配合臺灣總督府的政策導向。夾在兩者之間的伊能嘉矩，研究自主性經常受到牽制，但也藉由這兩大團體而獲得不同的發展機會。說明伊能嘉矩在官方、學術與自我的發展情況，以及三者之間的相互影響關係。 伊能嘉矩透過自己的治學之道與努力，建構出龐大的臺灣研究。從本文中分析，在研究歷程中與環境影響下造成伊能嘉矩許多的轉變，但伊能嘉矩仍不忘初衷的一步一腳印完成各項研究，朝著自己的夢想前進。造就出豐碩的著作，更成為受後人注重的臺灣研究之一，也隨著研究者被重視與參考引用。伊能嘉矩的研究被廣泛沿用同時，歷史的詮釋也被大眾所接受採納。此外可看出一位臺灣研究中的巨人，是如何在各項學習與努力中逐漸茁壯的過程。

What triggers the author’s attention to Inō Kanori’s knowledge construction of Taiwan is mainly the issue of governance of Taiwan in Qing Dynasty. Inō’s fruitful contribution to the research of Taiwan directly influences the study of Taiwan after World War II. Inō’s historical interpretation makes much of his historical viewpoint to the study of Taiwan. This paper attempts to analyze Inō’s line of thoughts when constructing knowledge and re-inspect Inō’s individual development before and after he traveled to Taiwan in the eyes of historians. The analysis approach focuses on prosopography in the ways of historians, and by combining the influence of Japanese government in the historical background with the influence of the Anthropological Society of Tokyo on Inō, this paper will explore Inō’s individual developmental process and the line of thoughts constructed by him. “By my own hands, I expand my own road”, said Inō Kanori right after arriving in Taiwan. However, the road did not go smooth. The first turning point for Inō’s coming to Taiwan was because he studied anthropology in Tokyo Imperial University in 1893. Afterwards, he went to Korea and Hokkaido to perform field studies. In 1895, Inō came to Taiwan in the hope of developing his own knowledge construction. Inō learned more about Taiwan from the “Knowledge network” column in the Anthropological Society of Tokyo. He also studied extremely hard about Taiwan and accumulated experiences gained from the field trips, and he gradually accomplished the investigation of northern Taiwan. In 1897, there was an official investigation conducted regarding the preparation of the educational facilities for Taiwanese aboriginals. Inō grabbed this chance and eventually finished the rough investigation about the entire Taiwan. In 1898, Kodama Gentaro and Goto Shinpei changed their governance policy in Taiwan, and “Half-official” organizations which sprung up plus the onwards official investigations gave Inō Kanori more opportunities and room to develop. In the meanwhile, Inō was also building up his own academic network. At this moment, Inō turned his research target from the aboriginals to the Han people due to the policy and his assigned mission. In addition to academic development, Taiwan itself, as a colony of Japan, became an exhibition displayed to the world in the World’s Fair in Paris in 1900. One of the concepts of this exhibition was from Inō’s research results and thus influenced the image of Taiwan as an exhibition of Japan onwards internally and externally. From 1895 to 1905, Inō concentrated on his research and made several short visits to Taiwan. During the decades, besides concentrating on his research, Inō had to reach and meet the academic expectations and requirements from Tsuboi Shougorou, as well as abided by the policy executed by the Governor-General of Taiwan. On one hand, the two parties constrained Inō from doing independent research. On the other hand, Inō acquired various opportunities provided by these two groups. This can explain the influence among the authority, academia and Inō on each other, as well as Inō’s role in these three aspects of development. Inō Kanori constructed enormous study of Taiwan via his own studying approaches and dedication. This paper demonstrates that although Inō had to make changes during the process of doing research or due to the environmental influence, he accomplished various researches step by step and headed towards his own dream in the end. His contribution to the fruitful publications has become one of the noticeable studies of Taiwan for the later generations, and his research has been emphasized and referred to by more and more researchers. As the prevailing reference of his research, Inō’s historical interpretation has also been widely adopted by the public. This paper demonstrates how a giant dedicated to the research of Taiwan gradually grew and became stronger from the processes of learning and endeavoring.