沒有政治的政治——中古之後儒家「政治無意識」的來源、結構與符碼

Abstract

儒家經典雖然不乏政治論的系統與論述，但這樣的論述與當代西方脈絡下的「政治學」之內涵與定義具有不同的典範——尤其是做為主流意識型態的儒學，其以重建政治秩序為標的之原初型態，卻以一種「非政治」的意識型態或者說沒有政治的政治論來建構。也就是說，儒家經典中沒有純粹「政治人」的論述系統與人格典範，而僅有以「道德人」為判準進而過度到政治場域的「政治道德人」的思維——亦即或以「聖人」的道德人格極致作為政治人格與實踐的保證、或以「聖王」的盡倫盡制為典範的完美結構論述。對儒家而言，一切的問題都應該回歸道德與人格結構來討論，同樣地政治也唯有從道德主體的修養與成聖的目標來實踐——道德人格的極致即是政治人的典範、道德的實踐便是政治的實踐。這樣的意識型態可追溯於孔子在歷史上的「政治人」失落，進而在文化場域中形成的權力陰影——對於政治權力與政治人之貶抑與焦慮。或許可說儒家政治場域有著「政治昇華現象」——一種汽化的政治學，雖存在而不可見，是為不存在的存在。漢語經典中看似道德的論述，事實上就是政治的方法與實踐，而這樣道德昇華的結構，也成為政治集體無意識，以許由洗耳、孔顏樂處等符碼呈顯。

Although the classics in the field of Chinese philosophy are not lacking in systems and expositions of political theory, such expositions have different models from the connotation and definition of "politics" in the contemporary Western context. Especially, Confucianism as a mainstream ideology rebuilds the political order via the "politics of non-political theory." In other words, in the context of Chinese philosophy, there is no "political man" argument system and personality model, but only the "moral man" system in the political theory called "political moral man." That is to say, the perfect personality of Saint is the guarantee of justice political practice. Saint in the political system could be called Sage King, and he is the only person who can make perfect ethic and system in Chinese philosophical field. We can say anything could be solve by moral in Chinese philosophical field, including political problems. In this thinking system, man must be a moral man first and he could be a political man, so moral practice is the political practice, and there is no political practice like what politics delimit in system of western political theory. And this thought could be contract to Confucius' failure in the political practice, so "political man" becomes the shadow in Chinese psychological construction. It can be said there has the "Political Sublimation" in Chinese philosophical field, that is to say, politics in Chinese philosophical field is a "Steaming Politics"——it exist but it can't see, so it is exist of non-exist. This type of politics in Chinese philosophical field is the collective unconscious of Chinese beings, and it present in the stories context of "ear washing of Xu You" and "the delight of Confucius and Yen Hwei."