王念孫「古韻二十二部」形成源流考

Abstract

前輩時賢多以為王念孫（1744-1832）初分為「古韻二十一部」，且此說之發明在彼獲見《六書音均表》之前，實則乾隆四十二年（1777），段玉裁（1735-1815）《六書音均表》刊竣，王氏初從段說，析古韻為十七部；其後，所持之說與段氏不同，經校定《六書音均表》，并撰〈古韻十七部韻表〉、〈平入分配說〉以明己說──「古韻二十二部」，即脫胎於段氏「古韻十七部」。王念孫古韻分部與當日學術交流密切相關，尤其在聲調上，初從段玉裁「古無去聲」說；繼而，乾隆四十六年（1781），孔廣森（1752-1786）《詩聲類》稿成，改宗孔氏「古無入聲」說。乾隆五十年初，以周秦兩漢典籍之用韻，韻腳用字有四聲異調相押跡象，因此最終主「古有四聲」說。王念孫聲調觀念屢變，故其韻部體系隨之變更。本文擬就高郵王氏父子諸文稿，鉤沉王念孫古韻分部之梗概，藉期有助於今日學者研治上古音。

This paper attempts to depict the origin of Nian-sun Wang’s（王念孫, 1744-1832）”Gu Yun Er Shi Er Bu”（古韻二十二部）. Most scholars believe that Wang’s “Gu Yun Er Shi Er Bu” comes from his “Gu Yun Er Shi Yi Bu”（古韻二十一部）, but this viewpoint is not the truth. From Wang’s manuscript and works, one finds that Yu-cai Duan’s（段玉裁, 1735-1815）”Gu Yun Shi Qi Bu”（古韻十七部）was invented before Wang’s “Gu Yun Er Shi Yi Bu”（古韻二十一部）, and Duan’s “Liu Shu Yin Yun Biao”（六書音均表）inspires the formation of Wang’s Ancient Phonology. Based on the examines, I argue that Wang’s Devision of Rhyme Categories is a complex process. After Wang reading “Liu Shu Yin Yun Biao”, he followed Duan’s seventeen Rhyme Categories, and asserted the ancient without falling tone. After that, Wang wrote “Lun Yin Yun”（論音韻）, in this essay, he devided twenty-two Rhyme Categories, with Five entering tone Rhyme Categories. Later he deemed that there were Four entering tone Rhyme Categories, and his Rhyme Categories reduced to twenty-one. During 1781, Guang-sen Kong（孔廣森, 1752-1786） wrote Shi Sheng Lei（詩聲類）, and he believed the ancient without entering tone. Later, Wang was convinced by Kong’s opinion, although he divided twenty-one Rhyme Categories, he changed his tone conception, and thought the ancient without entering tone. Probably after 1790, Wang considered the ancient phonology with four tones and twenty-one Rhyme Categories. Until 1821, Wang accepted Kong’s opinion, and devided Dong（冬） from Dong（東）. Finally, he devided twenty-two Rhyme Categories, with four tones.