國小四年級學童執行功能與延遲滿足之相關研究

Abstract

本研究旨在探討國小四年級學童在執行功能與延遲滿足能力之表現，並進一步分析兩者之間的關聯性與預測力。研究採立意取樣方式，選取臺北市兩所公立國民小學共143名四年級學童為研究參與者，分別以自陳式「青少年執行功能行為評量表」評估其執行功能表現，並透過實作式「延遲滿足實驗作業」測量其延遲滿足能力。所得資料以SPSS 29.0進行描述統計、單因子變異數分析、皮爾森積差相關與迴歸分析。研究結果顯示：一、國小四年級學童在執行功能表現上具有顯著性別差異，其中女生在執行功能總分，以及「啟動持續」、「衝動抑制」、「覺察判斷」與「謹慎檢查」等四個子向度表現顯著優於男生。二、國小四年級學童在延遲滿足能力表現上未具有顯著性別差異。三、成功等待組在「工作記憶」、「啟動持續」、「計畫組織」、「彈性調整」、「衝動抑制」與「覺察判斷」等六個子向度上的表現，顯著優於失敗組。四、國小四年級學童的執行功能總分及「工作記憶」、「啟動持續」、「計畫組織」、「認知彈性」、「衝動抑制」與「覺察判斷」等六個子向度，與延遲滿足能力之間具有顯著中低度正相關。五、國小四年級學童的執行功能與延遲滿足能力之間具有雙向預測關係：執行功能總分及「衝動抑制」子向度可顯著預測延遲滿足能力，而延遲滿足能力亦能有效預測執行功能總分及其六個子向度的表現。研究者根據上述研究結果提出相關建議，作為後續探討國小學童執行功能與延遲滿足能力之研究參考。

This study aimed to examine the relationship between executive function (EF) and delay of gratification (DoG) in fourth-grade elementary school students. A total of 143 fourth-grade students from two public elementary schools in Taipei City were selected through purposive sampling. The Behavioral Rating Scale for Executive Function (BRSEF) was utilized to assess students’ executive functions through self-reported measures. The ability to delay gratification was evaluated through a performance-based delayed gratification task. Data were analyzed using SPSS 29.0, employing descriptive statistics, one-way ANOVA, Pearson correlation, and regression analysis. The main results of this study were as follows:1. Significant gender differences were found in EF performance, with female students demonstrating higher scores than male students in overall EF and in the domains of self-initiation, inhibition, self-awareness/judgment, and self-checking.2. No significant gender differences were observed in DoG performance.3. Students who successfully delayed gratification exhibited significantly higher performance in the EF domains of working memory, self-initiation, goal orientation/plan/organization, flexibility, inhibition, and self-awareness/judgment, compared to those who failed the task.4. Significant positive correlations were found between overall executive function and delay of gratification, as well as between DoG and six EF domains—working memory, self-initiation, goal orientation/plan/organization, flexibility, inhibition, and self-awareness/judgment—with correlation coefficients ranging from low to moderate.5. A bidirectional predictive relationship was identified between EF and DoG. Specifically, overall EF and the domain of inhibition significantly predicted DoG performance; conversely, DoG ability significantly predicted overall executive function and the six associated EF domains.According to the results, these findings may serve as a foundation for future studies exploring the development of executive function and delay of gratification in elementary school students.