皇權與孝道——唐代文武職奪情起復的考察

Abstract

傳統中國，官員任職期間若遇父母喪時，需解官回鄉守喪三年，即為所謂的「三年喪」。與此相應，便出現了所謂的「奪情起復」，意指官員遭遇父母喪時，可以不必服滿喪期，重新任職，當是一種作為在皇權與孝道之間衝突的權衡方式。解官守喪三年一事起源於先秦時代，並於兩漢開始發展，隨著西晉君主的大力推行，最終在唐代寫入律令，成為定制；因此，唐代解官者眾、奪情起復者亦有一定數量。本文分別以文職與武職為經、時間軸為緯，並以帝國體制發生巨變的安史之亂為分界，分別討論兩種職位的官員在唐前期與唐後期起復的變化趨勢。經過考察，在文職起復上，無論是政治目的與政爭或者是作為獎勵的起復，在數量呈現下降的趨勢。這樣的變化與文人的孝道意識提升，以及政爭轉向宦官、地方軍閥的角力有關。武職的起復上，前期起復者主要以鎮守邊將以禦外患為主，後期因藩鎮廣設的緣故，出現大量的節度使起復，以及為了平叛而起復的武職，而獎勵的起復上，則是除了因戰立功，增加了獎勵忠節的目的。這些官員在當權者因各種目而重新授職時，反映出的是帝國基於統治下的人事安排。因此，透過分析不同類型的起復者的起復時間、原因、官職升降等，能以了解其反映出的唐代政治局勢變化。In traditional China, officials were required to resign and return home to observe a three-year mourning period upon the death of their parents, a practice known as"three-year mourning." Correspondingly, there emerged the concept of " duó qíng qǐ fù"（Being on duty during mourning period, 奪情起復）, which allowed officials to resume their duties before the mourning period was completed. This was seen as a way to balance the conflict between imperial authority and filial piety. The practice of resigning to observe a three-year mourning period originated in the pre-Qin era and began to develop during the Han Dynasty. It was vigorously promoted by Western Jin rulers and eventually codified into law during the Tang Dynasty, becoming a fixed practice. Consequently, during the Tang Dynasty, many officials resigned for mourning, and a significant number also resumed office early.This article examines the trends in the resumption of office for civil and military officials, using the period of the An-Shi Rebellion, which marked a major transformation in the imperial system, as a dividing line. The study is organized chronologically, comparing the early and later Tang periods.Upon investigation, it is evident that the resumption of office among civil officials, whether for political purposes, factional struggles, or as rewards, showed a declining trend. This change is related to the increasing consciousness of filial piety among literati and the shift in political struggles towards eunuchs and regional warlords. For military officials, early resumption was primarily for border defense against external threats. In the later period, due to the widespread establishment of regional military governors (jiedushi), there was a significant increase in military officials resuming office to quell rebellions. Additionally, resumption as a reward expanded to include not only military achievements but also loyalty.These reappointments of officials by those in power for various reasons reflect the personnel arrangements based on the empire's governance needs. Therefore, by analyzing the timing, reasons, and changes in official positions of different types of resuming officials, one can understand the underlying shifts in the political landscape of the Tang Dynasty.