金耀基的中國現代化研究與古典現代化理論的引進臺灣（1963-2010）

Abstract

現代化是人類社會一個重要的經驗現象，並可作為觀察近代歷史進程的一項有力指標，無論就物質層面抑或是精神層面，均可呈顯出人類歷史上的劇烈變遷與轉變。而臺灣在19世紀中期後，由於開港貿易與洋務運動之推行，以至日治時期的殖民統治，奠定現代化基礎。在二次戰後，在經濟發展與政治民主化的表現，亦表現出不同於其它地區的現代化面貌。 然而，隨著時空環境的遞嬗，以及研究取徑的差異，各界對現代化的定義也會有所差別。而對現代化展開具體且有計畫性的研究，則以二次戰後興起於美國學界的古典現代化理論為嚆矢。在此波政治與學術潮流中，臺灣由於全球政治局勢的戰略考量，與美國的關係密切，因而也連帶在政治、經濟、社會與學術思想等方面受到影響。有鑑於現代化背景與思潮的重要性，因此本文即以臺灣早期研究現代化的學者─金耀基為研究對象，探究其學術思想核心─中國現代化的學術歷程，及回顧臺灣學界研究現代化的學術背景。 本文的研究成果主要可分為兩方面，包括臺灣學界的現代化研究歷程，及金耀基的中國現代化研究之內容與進程。首先，臺灣學界現代化研究的開展契機，就時空氛圍而言，在於當時國民黨政權以現代化作為政策與口號的推行，在學術思潮上，由於與美國之間關聯密切，因而在學術觀點與方法亦多受美國學界的影響。展開在政治、經濟、社會層面的研究，學術機構則有中央研究院近史所與民族所的兩項大型研究計畫。隨著臺灣政治的轉型，及對理論與實際發展經驗的檢討，臺灣學界也漸漸轉向思考建基於本土的研究視角與方法，而以臺灣為主體空間的討論場域亦於此時逐漸浮現，而現代化研究的轉變歷程，則從中西文化論爭的文化論述，轉為以學術方式進行研究。 其次，在金氏的中國現代化研究歷程與內容方面，金氏對中國現代化進行研究，源自於他的經驗體悟與學術興趣，及自身以知識份子自居的使命感使然。從1966年出版《從傳統到現代》一書開始，引介古典現代化理論，並應用理論進行研究，同時也觀察臺灣現代化的現象，強調傳統的重要性；至1970年代後期，隨著中國大陸的改革，觀察對象也從臺灣擴及至中國大陸與香港。主要集中在經濟與政治方面的現象，特別是民主法治議題。1980年代到1990年代，尤其關注儒家倫理對現代化的作用。其研究內容方面則包含中國現代化的整體變遷、政治現代化及現代化的動因，其中最多篇幅在於政治民主化的討論及儒家傳統的轉化與再造的可能性。然而他的研究由於受到個人背景與研究取徑而有所囿限，但須注意的是，在臺灣學界研究現代化的過程中，以內容觀之，金氏主要貢獻在於引介古典現代化理論，是臺灣學界早期研究現代化的主要視角；再以開展現代化的時間序列言之，開風氣之先，是為播種者的角色。Modernization in a phenomenon of the modern human society is an important experience, and can serve as a strong indicator for observers of the progression of modern history. Whether on a material level or spiritual level, it can be presented to show the dramatic change and transformation in the history of mankind. Taiwan in the mid-19th century, after the opening up trade with the Western world, as well as under the Japanese colonial period, gradually laid the basis for societal modernization. After World War II, due to its economic and political modernization,Taiwan’s development was special compared to others’ development of the world. As the environment of research changes from different people, the definition of modernization varies. The modernization of studies after World War II is modeled on the efforts of U.S. scholars of modernization theory.As with political and academic trends, the strategic considerations of the global political situation with the United States are closely related, and thus also contributed to the political, economic, social and academic thought to be affected. The purpose of this paper is to look into the modernization of Taiwan's academic research course and of Ambrose Y.C.King’s study of modernization in two parts. First, there was opportunity in the launching of academic modernization; the KMT regime was modernizing their implementation of policies in ways closely associated with those implemented by the United States academia; this affected academic thought, points of view, and methodology. By expanding the level of political, economic, societal and academic institutions, the result was seen in the creation of the nation’s two major research organizations such as Academia Sinica Institute of Modern History and Institute of Ethnology . Second, Ambrose’s research and course on Chinese modernization undertook a few turns and stemmed from his academic interest and experience. In 1966, “From Tradition to Modernity” introduced the modernization theory and applied theory with observations on the phenomenon of Taiwan modernization with emphasis on the importance of tradition. In the 1970’s, his research turned from Taiwan to China and Hong Kong with concentration on the economical and political aspect of development, especially on democratic and legal issues. From 1980 to 1990’s, Ambrose paid attention to the impact of Confucian ethics on modernization. His research included the transition of China’s societal modernization, political modernization and the underlying motivations, discussions on political democratization and its transformation, to Confucian tradition and the possibility of restoration. Ambrose Y.C King is an early figure of Taiwan academic research on social cultural transformation as well as Chinese modernization.