黃土水藝術成就之養成與社會支援網絡研究

Abstract

黃土水（1895-1930）幼時生長在木匠家庭，並學習民間神像雕刻的技藝，耳濡目染造就對木雕的興趣和喜好。出身寒微的黃土水，透過新式教育洗禮，憑其智力與努力突破家庭經濟的障礙，不但進入國語學校就讀，並受到民政長官內田嘉吉的提拔，得到東洋協會的學資補助赴東京美術學校學習雕刻，成為臺灣第一位入選日本帝國美術展覽會（簡稱帝展）的藝術家，以具有「台灣特色」題材為創作主題，活躍於日本及臺灣的藝術文化圈，成為臺灣近代美術先驅。 藝術專業化讓黃土水獲取社會地位，卻也因「雕刻」材料必須耗費大量的金錢，終其一生在金錢和時間之間拔河。除了創作帝展作品，在總督府官員的仲介之下，黃土水受邀為日本皇室訂製藝品，吸引日臺紳商向他訂製人物胸像。在資本主義的消費市場框架之下，黃土水除了努力「生產」，還必須主動利用傳播媒體和人際網絡提振藝術品的「消費」，建構自己的藝術市場。黃土水如何在不同的時機，憑藉何種機緣、條件，如何進入這些權力機制，維持藝術的自主性，進而去實踐他理想中的「福爾摩沙藝術」。日治時期的政治、教育、經濟及文化制度對其藝術生涯又什麼樣的影響。 本文的研究方向，在廣闊的社會脈絡中，從歷史與社會的整體性角度重新檢視黃土水，以其人物研究來深入討論日治時期的藝術家所經歷的時代樣貌。透過新史料的發掘，重新建構黃土水的歷史圖像，探討雕刻技藝的學習及養成，參加日本官展的目的與意義，藝術風格遞嬗的轉變，從中思考「政治權利」「人際網絡」、「傳播媒體」與「藝術品」的互動關係與流動意義。黃土水研究不應只侷限在意象思維和精神性的討論，具體地重構黃土水日常生活的情境，放置在一個巨大而密實的人際網絡之中，關注藝術背後的社會現實與經濟的動因，建構更為真實的日治時期臺灣藝術的圖景。藉此動態的發展過程，探尋支持黃土水藝術成就的社會基礎，由此理解日治時期的臺灣藝術在傳統和現代交織的文化表現，如何在具體的社會情境與歷史過程中形成、發展，探求其在社會經濟史、社會文化史的意義。Mr. Huang’s family was not wealthy when he was young. After the Japanese colonial education, he entered to Normal school, and got support from the officer of Taiwan Government to go to Tokyo Bijutsu Gakko to learn sculpture with public funds. Mr. Hung was Taiwan’s first artist whose works won Japanese recognition. Besides his efforts, the political and educational systems of Japanese occupation period brought his outstanding life experiences. Mr. Huang created the works for Japan Empire Exhibition, accepted the order from Japan royal family, and extended his artificial field to general life hood to customize the portrait and artificial decoration for Japanese and Taiwan gentries. This led to various public arts. However, he personally regarded himself as a weird man because he had no time to have interaction with others. If he was not good at social relationship, how could he get financial funds to support his creation? In the records of Taiwan Daily News, Mr. Huang attended many public social activities to enhance his social relationship. He also made friends with some officers of Taiwan Government, businessmen and artists from Japan and Taiwan. Since 1927, Taiwan Daily News had kept assisting selling his works. It was the beginning of artificial work commercialization. The transition of conservation and modernity not only reflected on his works but also influenced of establishment his social relationship and development of his work creation. This article, in a social history perspective is to review Mr. Huang again, and analyze Taiwan’s cultural development; hope to compensate the insufficiency of existing researches.