壯大於咸陽—《 史記 》 〈秦本紀〉、〈秦始皇本紀〉的考古學解讀

Abstract

《史記》作為中國歷史上第一部紀傳體通史與二十四史之首，史學價值自不待言。 本論文立足目前學界以考古材料考證 《史記》 秦孝公至秦始皇時期史料之缺乏，以 〈秦本紀〉、〈秦始皇本紀〉 記載相關 史事為研究核心，透過三重證據法比對傳世文獻與考古材料，補充、修正並證實〈秦本紀〉與〈秦始皇本紀〉相關內容 ，發揮考古材料糾繆補遺、證史之真之效歸納 《史記》秦晚期史料之考古學詮釋體系。第一章闡明研究動機 與 目的，回顧既有研究成果，詳述研究方法與論文架構。

第二章探究秦孝公時期史事， 指出商鞅爵制應為十六等，與秦漢二十等爵制有別；〈秦本紀〉 載 「 為田開阡陌 」 之田制改革則可擴充為 擴大畝制、實施授田、農民設封三項 。 第三章探究秦惠文王與秦武王時期史事， 證實〈 秦本紀 〉記周天子致胙史事為真，且司馬錯滅蜀後 秦人確於蜀地設縣為官；史傳秦武王舉鼎絕臏身亡，其所舉銅鼎可能重量區間則在 50-212公斤之間。

第四章主要探究秦昭襄王時期史事，指出公子市雖封於宛，然可能並未就國管理；秦人雖曾攻下 「洞庭」、「五渚」、「江南」等楚南方地，然不久即為楚收復；〈秦本紀〉載昭王母宣太后死後葬於芷陽酈山，芷陽陵區 IV號陵園即可能為其陵墓。至於長平之戰阬殺趙卒說法， 「阬」字 解釋 當由「活埋」改作「先殺後埋」。

第五章探究秦始皇時期史事，點出秦始皇二十一年韓人反於新鄭與昌平君徙於郢二事實際上互為因果，郢陳一帶以張良為代表的韓人與楚項氏一族亦存有私交；〈秦始皇本紀〉「 銷以為鐘鐻，金人十二」一句 則應將「鐘鐻」、「金人」連讀，釋作支撐鐘架的「鐘鐻金人」。 最後結合阿房宮與秦陵地宮考古成果，指出阿房宮並未建成，印證 〈秦始皇本紀〉載地宮 「穿三泉」、 「 以水銀為百川 」等相關論述 。第六章總結研究成果，提出研究限制與未來展望。Shiji as the first comprehensive historical work in Chinese history and the inaugural among the Twenty-Four Histories, holds undeniable historical significance. This thesis addresses the current scholarly challenge of insufficient archaeological evidence for the historical period from Emperor Xiaogong of Qin to Qin Shihuang as documented in Shiji. The study focuses on the relevant historical events recorded in the"Annals of Qin" and "Annals of Qin Shihuang," employing the triple evidence method to cross-reference extant literature with archaeological materials. The research aims to supplement, revise, and verify the contents of the "Annals of Qin" and "Annals of Qin Shihuang," utilizing archaeological materials to rectify historical discrepancies and establish an archaeological interpretation system for the late Qin period in Shiji.

Chapter one elucidates the research motives and objectives, reviews existing research outcomes, and details the research methodology and thesis structure.Chapter two delves into the historical events during the reign of Emperor Xiaogong of Qin, asserting that the noble system instituted by Shang Yang consisted of sixteen ranks, distinct from the twenty ranks during the Qin-Han period. The "Annals of Qin" account of the land reform "opening up fields and creating paths" suggests an expanded acreage system, implementation of land grants, and the establishment of farmer enfeoffment. Chapter three investigates the events during the reigns of King Huiwen and King Wu of Qin, confirming the authenticity of the"Annals of Qin" record of the tribute from the Zhou emperor and establishing administrative counties in the Shu region after Sima Cuo's conquest. It also reevaluates the description of King Wu's death while lifting a bronze tripod, suggesting a possible weight range for the raised tripod between 50-212 kilograms.

Chapter four primarily explores the events during the reign of King Zhaoxiang of Qin, indicating that although Prince Shi was enfeoffed in Wuan, he might not have actively managed the state. Despite Qin briefly capturing territories such as Dongting, Wuzhu, and Jiangnan in the southern Chu region, these were soon reclaimed by Chu. The"Annals of Qin" mention of the burial of Queen Dowager Xuan after her death in Mount Li at Zhiyang suggests that Tomb IV in the Zhiyang Tomb area might be her burial site. Regarding the explanation of the slaughter of Zhao soldiers during the Battle of Changping, the interpretation of the character "阬" should be revised from "buried alive" to "killed first and then buried."

Chapter five investigates the events during the reign of Qin Shihuang, pointing out the interconnectedness of therebellion of the Han people in Xinzheng and the relocation of Lord Changping to Ying. In the region of Ying and Chen, there existed private connections between Han individuals, represented by Zhang Liang, and the Chu Xiang family. The phrase in the"Annals of Qin Shihuang" stating "melted into bells and drum-shaped ornaments, twelve golden men" should be read as "bell-shaped golden men," supporting the frame of the bell tower. Finally, combining archaeological findings from the Palace of Supreme Harmony and the underground palace of the Qin Mausoleum, it is asserted that the Palace of Supreme Harmony was not completed, validating the descriptions in the "Annals of Qin Shihuang" regarding the underground palace "piercing three springs" and"using mercury as flowing rivers."

Chapter six concludes the research findings and presents research limitations and future prospects.