古漢語「為」的用法與演變

Abstract

古漢語「為」有著眾多用法，本文旨在考察其動詞、輕動詞用法。一方面，釐清動詞「為」在上古時期的演變經過；另一方面，也探討被動輕動詞「為」涉及之句法結構。本文的第一章為緒論，第二章為文獻回顧，第三、四章是「為」的用法與演變研究，第五章為結論。以下簡述我們在第三、四章的研究成果。在第三章，我們發現：「為」有創制義動詞、施行義動詞、準繫詞及繫詞四種動詞用法。商代晚期已見創制義動詞「為」的大量用例，創制義動詞「為」應是最早誕生的動詞用法。施行義動詞「為」隨後誕生，後接事件賓語，可出現在非句末位置或句末位置。準繫詞「為」係由創制義動詞、施行義動詞演變而來，表「成為、變成／變為、當作／作為」義。繫詞「為」由準繫詞「為」演變而來，上古晚期僅僅出現在特定的語言環境，至中古時期才發展成熟。在第四章，我們發現「為」有表蒙受義之被動輕動詞用法，被動輕動詞「為」引介蒙事主語論元，並選擇含空運符的定式IP子句或非定式IP子句作為其結構補語。定式IP子句的中心語I指派主格給輕動詞小v所引介之施事主語論元；非定式IP子句（「主之謂」動名結構）的中心語I則指派領格給施事主語論元。The character “wéi/wèi”(為) in Old Chinese has numerous usages, and this paper aims to examine its functions as a verb and a light verb. The evolution of the verb “wéi”(為) during the ancient period is clarified; and the syntactic structures involving the passive light verb “wéi”(為) are explored.Chapter 1 of this paper serves as the introduction, Chapter 2 provides a literature review, and Chapters 3 and 4 focus on the usage and evolution of “wéi/wèi”(為). Chapter 5 offers the conclusion. Below is a summary of the findings from Chapters 3 and 4.In Chapter 3, we identify four verb usages of “wéi”(為): a “MAKE”-meaning verb, a “DO”-meaning verb, a semi-copula, and a copula. The “MAKE”-meaning verb “wéi”(為) appears frequently in the late Shang period and is likely the earliest verb usage to emerge. The “DO”-meaning verb “wéi”(為) followed, taking event objects and appearing either in non-final or final positions in a sentence. The semi-copula “wéi”(為) evolved from the “MAKE”-meaning and “DO”-meaning verbs and expresses meanings such as"to become," "to turn into," "to act as," or "to serve as". The copula “wéi”(為) evolved from the semi-copula and appeared only in specific linguistic contexts in Late Archaic Chinese, eventually becoming fully developed in Middle Chinese. In Chapter 4, we discover that “wéi”(為) also functions as a passive light verb to indicate the meaning of “being affected”. The passive light verb “wéi”(為) introduces the affectee subject argument of the passive construction, and selects either a finite IP clause with a null operator or a non-finite IP clause with a null operator as its complement. In a finite IP clause, the head “I” assigns nominative case to the agent subject argument introduced by the light verb. In a non-finite IP clause (the gerundive construction “NP zhī VP”), the head “I” assigns genitive case to the agent subject argument.