上古漢語伴隨動詞的語法化探究

Abstract

Liu & Peyraube（1994）、吳福祥（2003）揭示「伴隨動詞＞伴隨介詞＞並列連詞」的語法化鏈，上古漢語的「暨」、「與」、「及」也是依循此語法化模式進行。但是，「及」還能直接由動詞發展出並列連詞用法。在「伴隨動詞＞伴隨介詞＞並列連詞」語法化連續統中，漸變過程中存在過渡階段的兩可用法，各個演變階段更精確地說是「伴隨動詞＞伴隨動詞／伴隨介詞＞伴隨介詞＞伴隨介詞／並列連詞＞並列連詞」。由伴隨動詞到伴隨介詞、伴隨介詞到並列連詞，是經過重新分析而形成的。判斷伴隨動詞、伴隨介詞與並列連詞的用法，取決於語言情境、動詞類型以及插入副詞。伴隨介詞「與」由引介伴隨者可發展出引介言談者、所對者的功能，所搭配的動詞具有準交互性的語義特徵。中古之後新興的伴隨介詞「共」、「和」、「同」、「跟」也有相同的演變路徑，在語法化過程中，這是受到詞義虛化而產生的。“Ji暨, ” “yu與,” and “ji及” in the Early Ancient Chinese followed a pattern of the grammaticalization chains of “comitative verb > comitative preposition > coordinating conjunction ,”as revealed by Liu and Peyraube (1994) and Wu, Fu-Xiang (2003). However, it is noted that “ji及”, in particular, derived the function of coordinating conjunction from verbs. In the grammaticalization continuum of “comitative verb > comitative preposition > coordinating conjunction,” there was an either-or usage of the transition stage in the gradually changing process. Precisely speaking of respective evolving stages, it is “comitative verb > comitative verb/ comitative preposition > comitative preposition / coordinating conjunction > coordinating conjunction.” The process from comitative verb to comitative preposition and from comitative preposition to coordinating conjunction was formed through a re-analysis. The usage of comitative verbs, comitative prepositions, and coordinating conjunctions is determined by linguistic contexts, verb types, and inserted adverbs. The comitative preposition “yu與”, on the other hand, represents the function of presenting people in conversation and interlocutors, deriving from the referred comitative and verbs that collocate “yu與” are equipped with a quasi-reciprocal semantic feature. Those newly comitative prepositions emerging after the Medieval Chinese, such as “gong共,” “he和,” “tong同,” and “gen跟” had a similar development route. During the grammaticalization process, the development was resulted from the bleaching of the meaning.