理想與實踐的辯證：廣東安那其主義者海內外活動之考察（1911-1927）

Abstract

安那其主義是中國轉型時期的一個流行思潮，在中國新文化運動和激進化政治發展中扮演重要角色。然而，過去研究多集中於清末民初，第一代安那其主義者的思想研究，較少關注新文化運動以降的安那其人物、思想與運動。本文以第二代中國安那其主義的主要人物——廣東安那其者和他們主張的安那其共產主義為主要研究對象。本文嘗試從人際網絡、生活思想、政治文化與社會運動的三種視角，來解析轉型時期廣東安那其主義者思想中蘊含的個人價值與社會建設意義。

理想與實踐是本文的兩個重要元素，各別佔據了一半篇幅。實踐篇考察廣東安那其主義者的實踐網絡以及他們在漳州、廣州與南洋的實作經驗，理想篇經由梳理安那其主義者的社會革命觀點的發展歷程，再現安那其主義思想與時代對話和互動。文末以憲政權力與民族國家概念的淵源考察，檢視安那其主義者核心用語「國家」、「政府」與「威權」的真實內涵與意圖。藉由對比安那其主義者的理想與實踐，本文意在呈現出安那其主義思想在歷史情境下的實踐面向與運動能量，同時藉由安那其主義者的實作經驗及其特色——跨域流動與漸進溫和，來思考安那其主義的思想價值和歷史意義。During the intellectual transition of modern Chinese history, anarchism was a prevailing political theory, and it played an important role in New Culture Movement and the development of radical politics. Past scholarships mostly focused on the period of late Qing Dynasty and early Republic China, when the first generation of Chinese anarchists emerged as key figures in setting the tone of Chinese modernization project, with little notice on the people, theories and movement of the later anarchists. This thesis, however, aims to pay attention to the major players in the second generation of Chinese anarchists, the Cantonese anarchists, who were the disciples of Chinese anarchism–anarcho-communism and were responsible for bringing Chinese anarchism to its peak at the turn of 1920. From the aspects of networks, living philosophy, political culture and social movement, this thesis attempts to disclose the undercurrents of individual values and social construction in anarcho-communism.

The thesis is divided into two main parts–ideals and practices. The ideals part has two sections, the first one serves as the introductory chapter, which delineates the interaction between anarchism and its time by discussing the changing concept of social revolution in anarchist theory. The following two chapters describe practices that reveal Cantonese anarchists’ trans-regional network and their activities in Zhangzhou, Guangzhou and the South China Sea. The final chapter returns to theoretical analysis by comparing the notion and the social foundation of constitutional power in its Western origin with that in Chinese context, with a special attention to Cantonese anarchists’ connotations of critical political terms “nation,” “government,” and “authority.” By juxtaposing the ideals and practices, this thesis not only aims to the present how did anarchists put their thoughts into practices, but also re-assesses the theoretical characteristics and historical significance of anarcho-communism from the aspect of its pragmatic gradualism.