清朝前期的八旗水師

Abstract

本研究以布琮任的「海上新清史」構想為基礎，藉由鄧小南的「活的制度史」研究方法，探討清朝前期八旗水師的設立因素、建制發展與運作過程，指出滿洲統治者對海洋的重視，實施積極、靈活與開放的海防政策，以及欲掌握水師能力的企圖。首先，概述清朝前期江海防環境，以及沿海八旗、綠營的軍事部署情形，並梳理八旗水師營建立經過，分析其設置因素與部署考量。關外時期，即有八旗官員帶領兵丁進行水上作戰，征討東北各部的記載。然而，面對明朝水師，八旗幾無水上抵禦能力，水戰依靠遼東漢人、明朝投誠將士，或是採取招撫、海禁與遷界等政策。康熙前期，隨著攻克南明、平定三藩、納入臺灣，清朝在中國的統治已然穩固，遂著手江、海防整頓，以及解決順治朝以來俄羅斯侵擾東北黑龍江流域的問題。清廷面對俄羅斯的水上作戰，不再完全依靠綠營水師，而是建立與發展以八旗為主的吉林水師、黑龍江水師，清朝水師從此分為八旗與綠營兩個軍政系統。康熙晚期，沿海受到海盜的威脅，且禍及北洋洋面，促使清廷檢討海防政策，最終促成盛京八旗水師的成立。至雍正朝，隨著海防制度的發展、東北八旗水師建立的嘗試，以及康熙皇帝晚年以來的海疆威脅與八旗生計的問題，給予雍正皇帝在直省沿海部署八旗水師營的基礎與挑戰。其次，透過梳理八旗水師成員的編制、來源、職責、待遇等，以及訓練與裝備，勾勒八旗水師制度的樣貌，以及制度變遷的因素與影響。研究指出清廷因應防務與旗務的不同，水師成員來源不一，編制亦有別，職責上則等同綠營水師。然而，八旗水師制度雖係參酌漢人綠營水師制度而來，在待遇、陞轉、旱操等方面，仍保有滿洲特色，亦維持著清語騎射。最後，闡述八旗水師營內八旗與綠營的互動，以及營外旗人與民人的交流，顯示雖滿洲統治者有意限制旗、民之間的往來，然八旗需要向綠營水師學習水師，八旗水師制度反而促成八旗與漢人間的互動。接著，分析旗務政策對八旗水師營發展的影響，以及八旗水師營對清前期江海防的作用，指出八旗水師營的設立，亦有解決八旗餘丁生計問題的目的，爾後的漢軍出旗政策，雖八旗水師因防務考量而暫緩出旗，最終仍造成水師營內成員的流動。至於八旗水師的部署，則符合清前期海防思想，既能與外海綠營水師對抗海洋威脅，亦能協助八旗陸路駐防抵禦外敵進入城市。This study is based on Ronald C. Po's "New Qing History from Maritime perspecitive" （海上新清史）and Xiaonan Deng's research method of “Living Institutional History”（活的制度史） to explore the establishment factors, organizational development, and operational processes of the Eight Banners Maritime in the early Qing Dynasty. It highlights the Manchu rulers' emphasis on the sea, their implementation of an active, flexible, and open maritime defense policy, and their intent to control Maritime capabilities. First, the study outlines the maritime defense environment of the early Qing Dynasty and the military deployment of coastal Eight Banners and Green Camp forces. It reviews the establishment process of the Eight Banners Marine, analyzing its setup factors and deployment considerations. During the period outside the Great Wall, Eight Banners officials led troops in naval operations and campaigns against various northeastern regions. However, against the Ming Dynasty's Marine, the Eight Banners had almost no naval defense capabilities, relying on Liaodong Han Chinese and Ming defectors, or employing policies such as appeasement, maritime bans, and border relocations. In the early Kangxi（康熙） period, with the conquest of the Southern Ming, the pacification of the Three Feudatories, and the incorporation of Taiwan, Qing rule in China was firmly established. This led to the reorganization of river and maritime defenses and the resolution of issues with Russianincursions into the northeastern Heilongjiang（黑龍江） region since the Shunzhi（順治） era. Faced with Russian naval operations, the Qing government no longer relied on the Green Camp Marine but established and developed the Jilin（吉林） Marine and Heilongjiang（黑龍江） Marine, with the Qing Marine thus divided into the Eight Banners and Green Camp systems. In the late Kangxi period, coastal threats from pirates and their impact on the northern seas prompted the Qing government to review its maritime defense policy, eventually leading to the establishment of the Provincial Eight Banners（直省八旗） Marine. By the Yongzheng era, with the development of maritime defense systems, attempts to establish the Northeastern Eight Banners Marine, and the maritime threats and livelihood issues for the Eight Banners since the late Kangxi reign, Emperor Yongzheng was provided with both the foundation and challenges for deploying the Provincial Eight Banners Marine units along the coastal provinces.Secondly, by examining the composition, origins, responsibilities, and treatment of the Eight BannersMarine members, as well as their training and equipment, this study sketches the characteristics of the Eight Banners Marine system and the factors and impacts of its institutional changes. The research points out that due to differing defense and banner affairs, the sources and organizational structures of the Marine members varied, though their duties were similar to those of the Green Camp Navy. However, despite the Eight Banners Marine system being modeled after the Han Green Camp Navy system, it retained Manchu characteristics in terms of treatment, promotions, and training, maintaining Qing traditions of equestrian archery.Finally, the study elaborates on the interactions between the Eight Banners and Green Camp within the Eight Banners Marine, as well as the exchanges between banner people and civilians outside the unit. It shows that while the Manchu rulers intended to limit interactions between banner and civilian populations, the need for the Eight Banners to learn from the Green Camp Marine fostered interactions between the Eight Banners and Han Chinese. The analysis also discusses the impact of banner policies on the development of the Eight Banners Marine and its role in early Qing maritime defense, noting that the establishment of the Eight Banners Marine also aimed to address the livelihood issues of remaining Eight Banners troops. Although the policy of deploying Han Chinese Eight Banners out of the banners（Hanjun Chuqi，漢軍出旗） led to a temporary suspension of banner deployment due to defense considerations, it ultimately caused member mobility within the Marine units. The deployment of the Eight Banners Marine thus aligned with early Qing maritime defense strategies, enabling it to counter maritime threats and assist in the defense of Eight Banners land garrison and city fortifications.