白色恐怖中的非政治罪名案件─以陳翠玉被控案為例

Abstract

近年來，因為政治檔案的開放，使白色恐怖案件的研究成果豐富，然而目前研究的白色恐怖案件大多屬於政治罪名的類型，如外患罪、叛亂罪、匪諜罪等。同樣曾對人民帶來影響的「非政治罪名案件」的迫害，卻鮮少討論。「非政治罪名案件」是指被告雖然以非政治罪名被判罪，但從起訴、審理至判決的過程，卻都帶有政治意義者，而這樣的案件在威權時期並非特例。本文分析歷史上較為著名的非政治罪名案件後，歸納出如下特點：一、通常以公訴罪名起訴，如貪污、偽造文書、圖利他人等，讓司法體系或調查局介入調查。二、挾帶人事異動，常透過免職等手法將受害者排除於原有組織之外，達到整頓或接管組織的目的。三、同時進行輿論操作，影響受害者名聲、地位。 本文所討論的陳翠玉便曾遭遇「非政治罪名案件」的影響。出生於日治時期彰化的陳翠玉，在彰化女高畢業後即赴日本東京聖路加女子專門學校（St Luke‘s College of Nursing）學習公共衛生與護理專業，並取得護士資格。自一九四一年返臺擔任臺北保健館的公衛護士後，便投身臺灣護理界，推動護理專業與護理教育的發展。此後還曾任職於民政處衛生局、臺北醫院護理部，同時協助聯合國善後救濟總署（UNRRA）、WHO以及美援會在臺的護理改革。一九四九年，就任臺大醫院護理部主任，隔年任臺大醫院附設高級護理職業學校（簡稱臺大護校）校長，並著手推動台大護理系成立。然而在一九五五年、一九五六年，陳翠玉兩度遭密函檢舉違不是任教師，並控以貪污瀆職罪，最終雖於司法審判中獲判無罪，但陳翠玉亦已萌生去意，自此離開臺灣護理界，轉而以「Stella Landauer」的名字，投身泛美衛生組織（PAHO）在中南美洲的護理建設工作。 本文分析一九五五年、一九五六年陳翠玉二度被密函檢舉為不適任教師時所留下的政治檔案、情治機關調查報告及時人口述、新聞等資料發現：陳翠玉除了表面上來自校園內的檢舉外，更重要的是有來自於黨部的監控意見，以及輿論攻擊的操作。證實了自一九五○年代中國國民黨完成政黨改造後，確實高度滲透並掌控臺灣社會。這導致恐怖統治，不僅是以政治罪名案件的型態出現。威權體制之下，意識形態一元化，只要思想或行動與該意識形態相左，都可能遭到權益上的侵害，而非政治罪名的控訴便成為常用的手法。In recent years, due to the opening of political archives, research on cases of White Terror has become rich. However, most of the current research on White Terror cases belong to the category of political crimes, such as crimes of foreign aggression, re-bellion, espionage, and so on. Persecution related to"Cases of non-political crimes" that also had an impact on the people who has been rarely discussed. "Cases of non-political crimes" refers to cases which that the defendant is convicted of non-political crimes be the prosecution and sentencing where made out of political sig-nificance, and such cases were not uncommon during authoritarian periods. This ar-ticle analyzes some historically significant "cases of non-political crimes" and summarizes the following characteristics: 1. Typically prosecuted with public charges such as corruption, forgery of docu-ments, taking advantage of others, etc., to involve the judicial system or investiga-tive agencies.2. Involves personnel changes, often using methods like dismissal to exclude victims from their original organizations, aiming to reorganize or take over the organization.3. Simultaneously involves public opinion manipulation to influence the reputation and status of the victims.The discussion in this article involves Stella Chen, who encountered the impact of"cases of non-political crimes." Born in Changhua during the Japanese colonial period, Stella Chen graduated from Changhua Girls High School and then went to St. Luke's College of Nursing in Tokyo, Japan to study public health and nursing, ob-taining a nursing qualification. Since returning to Taiwan in 1941 to work as a public health nurse at Taipei Health Center(臺北保健館), she dedicated herself to the nurs-ing profession in Taiwan, promoting the development of nursing professionalism and education. She also worked at the Civil Affairs Department Health Bureau(省政府衛生處), Taipei Hospital Nursing Department, and assisted in nursing reforms by UNRRA, WHO, and USAID in Taiwan. In 1949, she became the head of the nursing department at National Taiwan University Hospital, and the following year she be-came the principal of the affiliated Senior Nursing Vocational School of National Taiwan University, initiating the establishment of the nursing department at National Taiwan University. However, in 1955 and 1956, Stella Chen was twice anonymously accused of being unfit to teach and was charged with corruption and malfeasance. Although she was ultimately acquitted in court, she had already decided to leave the nursing profession in Taiwan, and instead, under the name"Stella Landauer," she en-gaged in nursing development work for the Pan American Health Organization (PA-HO) in Central and South America. Analyzing the political files, intelligence agency investigation reports, contem-porary oral accounts, news reports, and other materials left behind by the accusations against Stella Chen in 1955 and 1956 reveals that in addition to campus accusations, there were more significant monitoring opinions from the party headquarters and manipulation of public opinion. This confirms that since the Chinese Nationalist Party completed its party transformation in the 1950s, it had indeed deeply infiltrat-ed and controlled Taiwanese society. This led to a reign of terror, not only manifest-ed in cases of political crimes. Under authoritarian rule, with ideological uniformity, any thoughts or actions contrary to the ideology could lead to violations of rights, A ccusations of non-political crimes became a common tactic.