利害關係人觀點之政策問題建構－－以低分上大學為例

Abstract

本研究旨在透過利害關係人觀點，探討低分上大學之問題建構。問題建構係政策分析流程中至為重要且關鍵的步驟，正確的問題建構不僅能減少政策資源的浪費，也有助於策略的聚焦與選擇；而利害關係人與問題密切相關，透過其觀點之問題建構不但較為真切與實際，尚且能提高政策之合理性與可行性。但觀政策分析實務上，對於問題建構之重視往往不及於策略研擬，易產生Raiffa所謂「型三錯誤」；此外對於利害關係人所提出之多元意見，亦缺乏完善之檢核機制與因應。故本研究選取低分上大學個案，透過訪談法瞭解利害關係人對於低分上大學成因、本質與解決策略之看法，並針對其所援引之事實與價值論據進行檢核與比較，以釐清問題癥結，進而針對問題提出解決方案。 研究結果，在低分上大學之問題建構結果方面發現，低分上大學之主要成因在於大專校院數量過多及升學與生涯輔導問題，而決定低分上大學本質上是否為問題之關鍵，在於高等教育品質之確保；至於低分上大學之解決，考量問題成因與政策可行性，首重高等教育學生來源之擴充與生涯輔導機制之改善。在利害關係人之問題建構方面則發現，利害關係人對於低分上大學之問題建構結果有差異，且其所提出之問題建構主張未必正確，多數並經不起事實與價值檢核。根據研究結果與討論，本研究分別針對低分上大學以及利害關係人之問題建構方法，提出建議供政策當局與政策分析家參酌。The purpose of this study aims to investigate the problem structuring based on stakeholders’ viewpoint for low-score entries to college. Problem structuring is an important and crucial process in the policy analysis procedure. Not only can an adequate problem structuring decrease the waste of policy resources, but also emphasize the focus and selection of strategies. Since stakeholders are closely related to the problem, problem structuring based on their viewpoint could be more actual and authentic, and further to enhance the rationality and feasibility of the policy as well. Nevertheless, in the practice of policy analysis, the attention given to problem structuring process is usually less than policy making process; such practice easily causes what Raiffa calls “Errors of the Third Type”. Besides, it seems that the policy authority lacks of a system to check and respond to the diverse opinions which are proposed by stakeholders. Hence, this study chooses “low-score entries to college” as the case, using interview method to understand the stakeholders’ viewpoint about the cause, essence, and solution of the problem; further, this study checks and compares the fact as well as values arguments of the stakeholders’ claims. The result of this study can then pinpoint the crucial problem and form strategies for solutions. The result shows that, in the aspect of the problem structuring of low-score entries to college, the main cause of the case lies in the excess amount of colleges and the unclearness of career guidance. The crucial determination of whether the case would be a problem, is the assurance of quality of higher education. As for solutions, considering the cause and feasibility, to expand the source of college students and to improve the career guidance could be the most rational solutions. In regard to the problem structuring for a policy based on stakeholders’ viewpoint, it shows that there are significant differences among stakeholders’ problem structuring, and the claims proposed are not absolutely correct - most of them can’t pass the validation by facts and values. According to the research result and discussions, this study has concluded some suggestions to the policy authority and policy analysts.