晚清海關檢疫制度的建立與實施

Abstract

海關檢疫制度，乃為近代西方海關體系下，基於公共衛生及防止傳染病所實施的制度，負責檢疫對象為人員及船舶，目的乃為避免他國病菌經由船隻、民眾進入當地造成疫情蔓延。因此，海關檢疫可說是於一國之疾病衛生防治，有著把關重任。1873年，為防止東南亞疫情傳入中國，中國海關系統因而制定了檢疫章程，並首先於江海關及廈門關二口實施檢疫制度，隨後擴大施行至各洋關。新式海關檢疫制度，成為當時中國沿海公共衛生之第一道防線，亦成為中國往後海關檢疫發展之基礎。然而，以往研究均將海關檢疫制度納入現代化中國海關系統的框架中或進行廣泛性的討論，對於海關檢疫系統的建立、實施及海關檢疫系統於實際運作上，是否能夠有效遏阻傳染病傳入之問題，尚欠深入性討論。

本研究於前人研究的基礎上，首先對近代新式海關與檢疫系統成立背景做一介紹並將於此時空架構中，對於海關檢疫系統的任務與相關事物做一基礎運作之介紹與還原。海關檢疫制度的運作亦為本文關懷核心，此部份將分別以全國進出口大港的江海關以及作為東亞與南洋間海上交通中繼站的廈門關之地理環境特性，對於兩口實際檢疫制度運作進行分析，除可了解檢疫制度的流變外，亦可由兩口制度之運作，了解海關檢疫系統於制度運作上是否有其劃一性，抑或針對各口有其個別功能性存在。此外，並將試圖由江海關及廈門關之例，以單一口岸制度運作乃至跨國疫情防範與控制，對於檢疫制度的施行及效度進行點與線面之分析說明。

疫情訊息傳播網絡與海關檢疫制度的施行及運作密切相關。本文欲以行動者網絡理論（Actor Network Theory）做為基礎架構，除將分析即時疫情通報網絡及跨國知識網絡建立與運作外，亦將對於地方疾病與疫情如何由有形現象，轉化為無形知識，並將此類知識加以運用、實作進而影響熱帶醫學的發展，做一深入剖析與說明。

本文期待藉由新資料的發掘與歷史資料的再檢視，除了補足現存前人研究中，對於檢疫制度研究說明與認識之不足外，亦期待可藉此了解晚清海關檢疫系統於東亞防疫網絡乃至西方帝國醫學發展過程中之重要性。This thesis investigates the establishment of quarantine system of the Imperial Maritime Customs Service in Late Qing China between 1873 and 1911, exploring the establishment and implementation of quarantine system and highlights certain features that have been neglected in contemporary scholarship. Through the improvement and network of quarantine system this study illuminates closely the quarantine system not only reveals the function of disease prevention, but acts as a vital hub of tropical disease information. Focusing on the operation of quarantine system, this study aims to illustrate the extensive of knowledge network via civil and governmental means between China and global. This work also aims to reconstruct the big picture of operation and information network of quarantine system in late Qing China. Besides of introduction and motive of doing the research in Chapter One, Chapter Two begins to explore the establishment of quarantine system and its background.

Through the case studies of the Shanghai and Amoy Custom Houses, Chapter Three illuminates the implementation of the quarantine regulations; moreover, this chapter also examines the efficacy of the quarantine system. Applying the Actor Network Theory in Chapter Four to explore the network of tropical disease information between China and the world, moreover, this chapter also shows how the customs system transform actual symptoms into knowledge of tropical medicine. Finally, Chapter Five concludes the thesis by the efficacy of quarantine system and the network of disease information between China and overseas countries.

In sum, the study sheds light on understanding the implementation of quarantine system in late Qing China. This thesis also sheds more light on a sheer interlock between China and the world which was through prevention of contagious diseases and communication of disease information. This thesis expected that the role of quarantine system in contagious disease prevention network, and the research progress of tropical disease in Asia and the world would be found more interesting and astonishing in the field of history.