古文字聲符變化與上古音系統研究

Abstract

就漢字為方塊字的特點來看，其書寫形式相較於拼音文字的表音性質較弱，在構擬上古音系時，需要綜合運用同族語言歷史比較與域外借詞譯音對勘，以及切韻音系內部構擬與漢語文獻材料等，以突破漢字表音性較弱的限制，窺探漢語上古音系的面貌。 然上古音研究中也存在著明顯的問題，即時代分期與語言分域的不確定。所幸近世出土文獻絡繹不絕，這些出土文獻藉由科學考古與系屬判別，大多能區分時代與地域。從出土文獻中的通假、異文、聲符變化等現象，我們能夠觀察古代語言演變軌跡及地區性語言特色。上古音的研究過去受限於傳世文獻較少，諧聲分析法的層級內部對應問題，域外對音的成分不確定以及古音構擬的分歧。近世古文字材料的陸續出土，使上古音研究有了新的進展。由於古文字材料的豐碩研究，我們已經能夠運用古文字學的研究成果對上古音作分期及分域進行研究，並用以驗證、修正上古音研究的成果。 本文將以古文字的聲符變化材料為主要探究對象，探求古音的演變。所使用的材料以《古漢字字形表系列》為主要材料，參照《說文新證》的安排方式，分別羅列甲骨文、金文、戰國文字、篆體，以觀察古文字聲符的變化，古音系統使用王力、李方桂、鄭張尚芳及白一平─沙加爾的共構體系，並在例字下注明聲母、等第、開合、韻部。對於古文字聲符與音韻的認定，本文將綜合比較古文字學界的考釋成果及古音學界的研究成果，以提升分析的可靠性。 由本文分析主要可以得出以下幾項成果，常態的聲符變化條件為「開合口的互通」除唇音外皆是音變的結果。「牙喉音互通」主要來自牙音聲母K-類與喉音聲母Q-類發音部位相近的互通。「以母互通」則至少可分為舌尖音與舌根音兩類來源，古文字聲符變化材料顯示與前人研究一致。 特殊聲符變化模式有「CL-型複聲母變化模式」、「唇塞音聲母與唇鼻音聲母變化模式」、「舌根音聲母與小舌音聲母變化模式」、「塞擦音聲母與擦音聲母變化模式」四類，本文更進一步檢驗新構上古音系統的「圓唇元音假設」與「前元音假設」。 特殊詞根與字因音變字例分析為非常態互通之字例，這些字例並無太多的諧聲材料可以支持，造成此類現象的成因也較為複雜，或因共時音變或因歷時音變而造成聲符變化。此類字例皆屬於非常態互通字例，屬於封閉性的互通字例，即一對一的關係，所以並不適合用為類推的例證。 本文使用的古文字聲符變化材料是確認古音系統、上古音變以及協助古文字釋讀的重要依據。本文結合上古音的各家構擬體系與古文字釋讀之成果，希望對於上古音研究及古文字考釋都能提供一些幫助。 The phonetic of Chinese writing system shows less features than alphabetic writing system in terms of the characteristic of Chinese characters. In order to reconstruct Old Chinese Phonology, we need to compare genetic language historically with borrowed phonetic words, as well as the internal reconstruction of qiè yùn system and Chinese documents. By following the methods above, we are able to break through the limitations of less phonetic features in Chinese characters and to take a look on the Old Chinese Phonology system. However, some problems are found obviously in the Old Chinese Phonology: the uncertainty of the time division and the language region. Fortunately, the excavated documents are found continuously in the modern times, these documents can mostly be distinguished from their time and regions by archaeology. Based on phonetic elements variation, we are able to observe old language change and the distinguish features of regional language. The study of Old Chinese Phonology was limited by less existing documents, the correspondence issue of phonetic series, the uncertainty of borrowed phonetic elements and the discrepancy of Old Chinese Phonology reconstruction. New progress in the study of Old Chinese Phonology are made due to the findings of paleographical documents one after another in modern times. Therefore, we can study the division of time and regions of Old Chinese Phonology as well as to make verification and revision in accordance with paleography studies. This study will focus on the Old Chinese Phonology change on the basis of phonetic elements changes of paleography. 古漢字字形表系列 will be the main reference to observe phonetic elements changes of paleography, also referring to 說文新證: arranging individually as Oracle bone script, bronze inscriptions, Warring States script, and seal character. We use the co-construction system of Wáng Lì, Lǐ Fāng Guì, Zhèngzhāng Shàngfāng, and William H.Baxter and Laurent Sagart on the Old Chinese Phonology system, and initials, divisions, kāi hé, rhyme groups are specified. For the purpose of identifying the phonetic elements changes of paleography and phonology, this study will compare the resulted interpretation of paleography research field and the result of the Old Chinese Phonology field comprehensively, hence, the analysis will be improved more reliable. According to the analysis of the present study, the results will be as followed: in spite of labial, all the connection of kāi kǒu and hé kǒu are the result of sound change. The connection of hóu yīn and yá yīn is claimed from velar K- and uvular Q-, which has the similar connection in the place of articulation. The connection of yǐ mǔ can be divided as two sources: dental and velar. And the substitution of paleographic phonetic elements are shown to be consistent with previous studies. Exceptional phonetic element changes are CL- consonant cluster changes, bilabial plosive and bilabial nasal changes, velar and uvular changes, and affricate and fricative changes. This study further examines the rounded-vowel hypothesis and front-vowel hypothesis in the new reconstruction of Old Chinese Phonology. Exceptional roots and words are special variations because sound changes. These examples are not supported by much homonyms, or the phonetic element changes might be caused by the sound change synchronically or diachronically and its more complicated to cause the above phenomena. These cases are irregular, they can not be compared. These paleographical phonetic component changes are based on the observation of old Chinese phonology and the support of paleography interpretation. In order to provide some research contribution on the study of old Chinese phonology and paleography interpretation, the present study combines the result of each reconstructive system of old Chinese phonology and paleography interpretation.