亂世求學：南朝時期學習行為與意涵之探究

Abstract

歷來論者多以為南朝社會紊亂無秩序，並以戰爭史、遷徙史、制度史等方面著手論證，然而筆者發現在南朝四史中有相當豐富的學習行為，事實上相關論述可建構出深富理序的社會，這不僅與現行論述差異甚大，筆者尤以為這是南朝社會更為本質的特點。

據此，筆者一反以往的主流論述，以武人文質化回應南朝社會窮兵黷武的片面形象，接續前賢研究，進一步勾勒恩倖武人具有文質的面向。復而，透過聚徒講授與聚書現象說明亂世中人在「離散」局面中，形成的「匯聚」力量，也透過沈麟士、沈峻、孔子袪的例證說明南朝半工半讀的事蹟。最後，主要從兩方面歸納說明南朝學習行為：一、「多人學習」的方式達到社群聯繫，同時傳衍家學以維繫家族勢力；二、「個人學習」說明時人以知識學習抵禦遭逢孤貧、夜勤的生命逆境，這是史家彰顯傳主堅毅心志的方式，並探究手不釋卷、博聞強記的學習行為，分別代表了亂世中緊握文化、抵禦變動外在之用意。

總之，研究南朝時期的學習行為，探究士子在亂局中的因應之道，時人深信知識學習能銷憂、解愁，縱使居處幽闇，卻可藉堅定不滅的知識之光尋索生命的意義。

This study challenges the traditional characterization of the Southern Dynasties as chaotic and disordered by uncovering evidence of structured learning behaviors in the “Four Histories of the Southern Dynasties.” This perspective reveals a society with significant internal order, contrasting with the prevailing focus on warfare and institutional instability.The study highlights the cultural refinement of military elites, countering the image of excessive militarism, and examines practices such as private teaching gatherings and book-collecting. These activities demonstrate how individuals created a “convergent” force amidst societal turmoil. Through cases like Shen Linshi, Shen Jun, and Kong Ziqiu, the author explores part-time learning and working as adaptive strategies during this era.

The learning behaviors are synthesized into two key aspects: (1) Collective Learning, which reinforced family traditions and clan influence, and (2) Individual Learning, which provided resilience against poverty and instability. Practices like persistent reading and extensive memorization reflect efforts to preserve culture and maintain stability in difficult times. These strategies illustrate how individuals sought knowledge as a means of solace, resilience, and meaning amidst societal disorder.