戰後臺灣的農政宣傳—以農復會的「電化教育」為中心（1949–1963）

Abstract

戰後臺灣農業政策的制定、發展與變遷，背後涉及國家機關、民間社會、國際政經結構等三方勢力的互相影響。戰後動盪的經濟下，國家機關亟須取得穩定的農業資源，除了需確保糧食供給無虞，更要將農業剩餘價值從農業部門轉向工業部門支持其發展。1949年底國民政府遷臺後，在美國協助之下，臺灣實行土地改革政策，並完成農業相關政經組織的改組。戰後農業推廣體系重建初期，因農業推廣員的短缺，農政與農情傳遞成效受限等問題，農復會與政府之間的跨機關部門建立起合作網絡，並應用電影、幻燈片、廣播及電視等「電化」媒介進行農政宣傳。本文主要以農復會利用「電化教育」對農民進行農業政策宣傳為中心，探討農復會透過電影、廣播、電視等「電化」媒介傳遞農業政策與農業情報的過程，並進而說明農復會的「電化教育」在戰後農業推廣體系中所肩負的宣傳角色。 首先，探討各類「電化」媒介傳播的獨特性，其製播過程中牽涉哪些黨政機關及農業組織。釐清農復會如何利用美援的資金，補助各項農業「新聞與教育」工作，將具有特定意識形態的農業政策，轉譯成農業教育電影、農業廣播及農業電視節目等視聽文本，藉此協助政府執行農業政策的宣傳，並多元應用於農業推廣的施教。再者，探討農業「電化教育」如何實踐農業政策的宣傳任務，分析農復會與政府如何操控廣播、電影、電視等傳播媒介，使枯燥的農業政策更具娛樂性。最後，1970年代面臨國際政經局勢的更迭，長期以來政府機關及農復會忽視不平衡的農工發展，而農業部門的原料、土地與勞力受到工業部門的過度汲取，以致農業發展遲滯；過去被「包裝」、「美化」的農業政策及施政成果，背後隱藏了「真實」的農業狀況。The international political and economic structure, the state and the civic society influenced the establishment, development and vicissitude of the agricultural policy profoundly in postwar Taiwan. In such a crisis, the state had to ensure the agricultural resources, stabilizing food security and supporting the devolvement of the industry sector simultaneously. As the result, with American aid, the KMT state enforced land reformation policies and reshuffled agricultural–associating organizations since they came to Taiwan in 1949.The communication between farmers and the state was inefficient because of the lack of manpower. In initiate of reconstructing the agricultural extension system, an internet across agencies of Sino–American Joint Commission on Rural Reconstruction, as known as JCRR, and KMT state was woven, applying electrifying media such as movies, slides, TV shows and broadcasts to promote the agricultural policy to enhance the efficiency. This thesis attempted to investigate, focusing on the electrifying education, into the process witch JCRR transferred agricultural policy and intelligence with electrifying media such as films, broadcasts, and TV shows. Furthermore, it tried to locate what kind of role is the electrifying education of JCRR played in the postwar agricultural extension system.First, this thesis focused on the uniqueness of electrifying education methods and the agencies involved in electrifying media production. Also, clarified how JCRR funded agricultural journalism and education with American aid, etching ideology in audiovisual texts like agricultural educational films, farming radio shows, and farming TV shows. By doing so, JCRR could help the state to execute the agricultural policy advocacy and to apply them to the agricultural extension system. Secondly, this thesis tried to discuss how the electrifying education fulfilled agricultural policy advocacy, analyzing how the state and JCRR made dull agricultural policies entertaining by manipulating broadcasts, films, and TV shows, and so on. Finally, in the international situation in 1970s, the consequence had been seen. It was due to the state and JCRR ignoring the unbalance between the agriculture sector and the industrial sector, acquiescing in the fact latter sector gnawed into the resources of the first one. The agricultural policies and their effect were embroidered, hiding the truth of agriculture.