日治時期公學校兒童的作文之分析

Abstract

臺灣日治時期的公學校教育，以國語科為最重要的科目。國語教育包括「聽說讀寫」，「寫」即是代表作文（綴方）。本論文爬梳《臺灣教育會》、《第一教育》、《臺灣日日新報》等期刊報紙，有關於公學校教師對於作文教育的議論，發現公學校的作文教育，臺灣總督府並沒有公佈正式的教授細目。 在沒有標準教材與課綱的情況下，唯有依賴公學校教師們自行摸索與相互討論。導致公學校教師大多直接參考、沿用日本本國的教學方法，造成許多的問題與困擾。從公學校兒童的作文內容與表達形式，幾乎是抄自國民讀本，且文意表達不清，錯字百出的情形，即可充分了解。 透過公學校兒童撰寫的作文，不僅可以作為觀察其在國語教育的成果，也可以從中了解到日本如何將國家認可的意識形態，透過作文教育灌輸予兒童。而在作文教育的過程中，兒童接收到什麼樣的知識，反映什麼生活經驗？以及被教育如何表達自己，以及被公學校教師要求表達什麼？ 從《御大禮紀念文集》的公學校兒童作文，可以發現有幾篇描寫參加國家儀式與公學校活動的生活樣貌，以及在字裡行間內隱約透露的「真實想法」，或是具有「臺灣本地特色」的文筆。另外，從《高砂族兒童綴方選集》也可以看到不少下原住民兒童，在戰時體制下的日常作息，以及如何用作文勾勒自己部落傳說。筆者也觀察到，原住民兒童撰寫的作文不論在用字遣詞、表現手法皆比公學校兒童還要優秀許多，並沒有如《臺灣教育會》雜誌的教師所言，寫得不好的情形出現。 “Kokugo” is the most important subject of public elementary school in Taiwan during Japanese rule period. Listening, speaking, reading and writing were included in “Kokugo”, and writing, which was called “Tudurikata” in Japanese means the way to write an essay. After doing a research on comments of public elementary school teachers about “Tudurikata”, which were printed on magazines and newspapers such as “Taiwan Educational Association Magazine”, “Daiichi Kyōikukai Magazine”, and “Taiwan Daily New Newspaper”. The fact that the General Governor of Taiwan did not announce the official teaching rules of “Tudurikata” is revealed. Due to the lacking official teaching material and rules, public elementary school teachers had no choice but to figure their own ways or discuss with other teachers. Therefore, most of the teachers would refer the teaching rules which were practiced in Japan. It had certainly caused plenty of problems, which could be observed in essays written by public elementary students. Most of the essays were transcribed from the textbooks. Students were not only failing to express themselves well but also unable to use the right words. By analyzing the essays which were written by public elementary school students, plenty of facts such as the achievement of “Kokugo” education, the inception of the patriotism, the knowledge received by children, experience reflection, self-expression and forced utterance can be discovered. The honest thoughts of students and the features of Taiwan can be observed in essays printed on “Gotairei Kinen Bunshuu” which was writing about the coronation of Emperor of Japan and celebration held in public elementary school. On the other hand, the essays which was writing about daily life during war time and aboriginal mythology were printed on “Aboriginal Children Essay Collection". Aboriginal students usually did better on using proper words and expressing themselves than public elementary school students.