明代四川西北的邊疆治理——以松潘為中心

Abstract

松潘等處位於四川西北部，是四川、陝西與朵甘思的交界之地，也是川西之門戶、守護成都平原的要衝。但由於當地險惡的自然環境與複雜的族群分布，歷代政權均難以實現對當地的直接控制和統治，遂成為明廷管治蜀地的棘手難題。本研究從地緣政治視角出發，論述朝廷為應對松潘等處番亂所落實的制度性建置與軍事行動的開展，以探析明代四川西北地緣因素、治理方略與番亂三者之互動關係。 朝廷為加強對四川西北部的控制與治理，建立以松潘為中心，南聯威茂、東連龍州的四川西北軍防格局，以此鞏固四川西北部與陝西洮州、岷州一帶的軍防。朝廷在明前期除了沿襲前朝羈縻統治，通過土司制度籠絡松潘等處番酋，以確立明政權與番族之間的臣屬關係外，更於當地設置州縣及衛所，塑造四川西北流官體系的基本輪廓。隨著宣德二年（1427）朝廷與番族間的關係出現裂縫，朝廷臨時派遣總兵官等將領前往征剿及鎮守，隨後陸續增設巡撫、參將、兵備道、副總兵長期鎮守或提督軍務，奠定四川西北流官體系的基礎。 明中期以降，番亂急劇惡化，松潘等處治理方略隨之進入調整期。朝廷除了秉持明前期以來撫剿兼施的治理方針，對生事番夷予以軍事打擊外，也因應番亂及當前局勢頻繁調整流官體系、軍兵安排、糧餉供應等各方面制度，以完善松潘等處治理方略，加強明政權對四川西北部的統治。至此，松潘等處的政治、軍事、經濟制度在明中期漸趨成熟並大致穩定下來。 朝廷在明後期治理松潘等處時不斷面臨新興勢力的挑戰，增加朝廷的統治難度。隨著蒙古勢力在正德（1506-1521）年間南下西海，松潘在明後期不僅面對境內番夷作亂的問題，更須同時提防西海蒙古勾結境內外番夷入寇的威脅，陷入腹背受敵的處境。朝廷一方面密切關注蒙古動向，防範蒙古南犯，一方面改變過往以撫為主的對番方針，頻繁征剿境內叛亂番夷，加強對番夷的鎮懾與控制，避免松潘等處同時與蒙古、番夷兩面作戰，導致首尾難以兼顧的局面出現。但隨著天啟（1621-1627）、崇禎（1628-1644）年間的各地民變與遼東女真崛起，朝野把注意力集中於平定民變及抵禦女真，削弱松潘等處軍防力量，導致四川西北部在張獻忠與清軍的輪番進攻下易手，南明政權最終在永曆六年（1652）徹底失去對四川西北部的統治。Songpan, as a gateway and barrier to the Chengdu Plain, was located at the intersection of Sichuan, Shaanxi, and Dokham, in Ming China. Due to the harsh natural environment and the complexity of the ethnic groups, it was difficult for most Chinese regimes to control and govern northwest Sichuan directly. This became a thorny issue for the Ming court in ruling Sichuan. This study discusses, from a geopolitical perspective, the institutional arrangements and military actions implemented by the officials to address the rebellions caused by the ethnic groups in Songpan and its surrounding areas, analysing the interaction among geopolitical factors, ruling strategies, and ethnic turmoil in northwest Sichuan during the Ming Dynasty. To strengthen the control and governance over northwest Sichuan, the Ming court established a military defence structure centred on Songpan, connecting it with Wei(zhou)-Mao(zhou) and Longzhou. This reinforced the military defence of northwest Sichuan and the areas of Taozhou and Minzhou in Shaanxi. In the early Ming period, the court followed the Jimi 羈縻 system by recognizing the northwest Sichuan tribal leaders as native chieftains (tusi 土司), to create a subordinate relationship between the Ming regime and the ethnic groups. Moreover, the court established counties and garrisons, forming the basic structure of the bureaucratic system (liuguan 流官) in northwest Sichuan. As the relationship between the regime and ethnic groups began to fragment in 1427, the court temporarily dispatched commanders (zongbingguan 總兵官) to suppress the local rebellions and defend Songpan. Subsequently, the positions of grand coordinator (xunfu 巡撫), colonel (canjiang 參將), military defence circuit (bingbeidao 兵備道), and vice-commander (fuzongbing 副總兵) were gradually established as long-term officials, laying the foundation for the bureaucratic system in the northwest Sichuan. During the mid-Ming period, the court modified its governance strategies as ethnic rebellions deteriorated. Besides maintaining the early Ming policy of combining appeasement with suppression, the court adjusted various systems, including the bureaucratic system, soldier arrangement, provisions supply, to improve the ruling strategies for Songpan and reinforce the Ming regime’s control over northwest Sichuan. Consequently, the political, military, and economic systems matured and stabilised during the mid-Ming period. In the late Ming period, the court faced new governance challenges from emerging powers. With the migration of the Mongols to Qinghai Lake during Zhengde 正德 reign, ethnic disturbances were not the only threat in Songpan; there were also offences from the Mongols. The court had to be aware of the Mongols and repel their offences. Meanwhile, the court focused on suppressing the rebellious tribes instead of maintaining its combined policy of appeasement and suppression, avoiding concurrent attacks from the Mongols and the ethnic groups. However, with the emergence of peasant rebellions and the Jurchen in Liaodong during Tianqi 天啟 and Chongzhen 崇禎 reign, the court prioritized its military efforts to suppress the peasant rebellions and repel the Jurchen offences, resulting in the weakening of the military forces in Songpan and its surrounding areas. As a result, the Southern Ming eventually lost its control of northwest Sichuan under the attacks of Zhang Xianzhong 張獻忠 and the Qing in 1652.