重建翠灰蝶族的系統發育及食性演化
Abstract
灰蝶科中的翠灰蝶族(tribe Theclini)蝴蝶目前在世界上已知186種，主要分布在東亞。目前翠灰蝶的屬級分類群目前仍缺乏明確的定義，以致不同研究者間迄今仍常使用不同的屬概念，造成翠灰蝶的高階分類上的不穩定。因此本研究重建翠灰蝶的親緣關係樹並進一步探討其食性演化。
本研究蒐集到內群29屬60種，外群6屬9種，共計107個樣本，另外下載National Center for Biotechnology Information((NCBI)的序列資料共6屬10種。根據
粒線體DNA的COI及COII基因以及核DNA的Ef-1α基因，利用最大減約法、最大概似法以及貝氏推論分析去進行親緣關係樹的建構。
結果顯示，翠灰蝶族為一個單系群，且多數結果支持翠灰蝶族可以再分成三個單系群；檢驗各屬是否為單系群，發現本研究33屬中有Chrysozephyrus、Shirozuozephyrus、Teratozephyrus、Euaspa及Ussuriana等5個屬並非單系群，根據親緣關係樹的結果將Shirozuozephyrus屬合併入Chrysozephyrus屬，將Fujiokaozephyrus屬及Uedaozephyrus屬併入Teratozephyrus屬。針對許多新屬的成立及過多單屬單種的問題，結果發現大多數這類的屬可能均有其存在的必要性。在種的階層上，根據物種間相當低的遺傳距離以及翅膀紋路、交尾器的相似性，推論Cordelia comes與Cordelia wilemaniella以及Chrysozephyrus hisamatsusanus與Chrysozephyrus splendidulus分別為同一種。在食性演化的探討方面，推測翠灰蝶的祖先利用的植物應該是殼斗科，而其他植物的利用情形應該都是由利用殼斗科植物去演變過來的。
There are 186 species of the tribe Theclini (Lycaenidae, Theclinae) worldwide, with most of them distributed in eastern Asia. At present, the genera within the tribe are so far poorly defined, and different authors usually apply different generic concepts, which causes considerable controversies over the higher taxonomy of tribe Theclini. Therefore, the study intends to present a phylogeny and the evolution of host plant use. In this study, 107 samples were collected, including 60 species in 29 genera for the ingroup and 9 species in 6 genera for the outgroup. And I downloaded sequences of 10 species in 6 genera from National Center for Biotechnology Information ((NCBI). Characters from the mitochondrial genes for cytochrome oxidases I (COI) and II (COII) and from the nuclear gene for elongation factor 1α (Ef-1α) were used to reconstruct the phylogeny of the tribe Theclini using maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian phylogenetic methods. The result indicated that the tribe Theclini is monophyletic composed of three monophyletic groups. Besides, 5 genera, Chrysozephyrus, Shirozuozephyrus, Teratozephyrus, Euaspa and Ussuriana, in 33 genera are not monophyletic groups. Based on the phylogenetic tree, I put the genus Shirozuozephyrus under the genus Chrysozephyrus and the genus Fujiokaozephyrus and genus Uedaozephyrus under the genus Teratozephyrus. Besides, the results suggested that the establishment of many new genera and monotypic genera seem to be necessary. At the species-level, based on the low genetic distance and the similarity of the wing patterns and the genitalia, I considered Cordelia comes and Cordelia wilemaniella and Chrysozephyrus hisamatsusanus and Chrysozephyrus splendidulus are the same species respectively. As for the evolution of host plant use, on the basis of the present results, it was possible to propose that the ancestral state of the tribe Theclini is the use of the family Fagaceae as host plants, and the use of other host plants derived from this family.
There are 186 species of the tribe Theclini (Lycaenidae, Theclinae) worldwide, with most of them distributed in eastern Asia. At present, the genera within the tribe are so far poorly defined, and different authors usually apply different generic concepts, which causes considerable controversies over the higher taxonomy of tribe Theclini. Therefore, the study intends to present a phylogeny and the evolution of host plant use. In this study, 107 samples were collected, including 60 species in 29 genera for the ingroup and 9 species in 6 genera for the outgroup. And I downloaded sequences of 10 species in 6 genera from National Center for Biotechnology Information ((NCBI). Characters from the mitochondrial genes for cytochrome oxidases I (COI) and II (COII) and from the nuclear gene for elongation factor 1α (Ef-1α) were used to reconstruct the phylogeny of the tribe Theclini using maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian phylogenetic methods. The result indicated that the tribe Theclini is monophyletic composed of three monophyletic groups. Besides, 5 genera, Chrysozephyrus, Shirozuozephyrus, Teratozephyrus, Euaspa and Ussuriana, in 33 genera are not monophyletic groups. Based on the phylogenetic tree, I put the genus Shirozuozephyrus under the genus Chrysozephyrus and the genus Fujiokaozephyrus and genus Uedaozephyrus under the genus Teratozephyrus. Besides, the results suggested that the establishment of many new genera and monotypic genera seem to be necessary. At the species-level, based on the low genetic distance and the similarity of the wing patterns and the genitalia, I considered Cordelia comes and Cordelia wilemaniella and Chrysozephyrus hisamatsusanus and Chrysozephyrus splendidulus are the same species respectively. As for the evolution of host plant use, on the basis of the present results, it was possible to propose that the ancestral state of the tribe Theclini is the use of the family Fagaceae as host plants, and the use of other host plants derived from this family.
Description
Keywords
翠灰蝶, 親緣關係, COI, COII, Ef-1α, 食性演化, Theclini, phylogeny, COI, COII, Ef-1α, evolution of host plant use