聽覺訊息對桌球擊球表現之影響

Abstract

桌球是環境不斷變化的開放性運動，球員須根據來球特性執行適當時宜的揮拍動作，建立知覺與行動的配連關係。視覺與聽覺為感知環境訊息的重要知覺，成功的擊球除了要以視覺感知空間變化，球與桌面、球拍的撞擊聲音形成間斷的時間性訊息，也可能是球員在擊球時會利用的訊息來源。本研究參與者為11名大專甲組桌球運動員，在正常情境、以耳罩與白噪音限制聽覺、以遮蔽式眼鏡限制視覺之情境中，以桌球正手切球及正手拉球分別回擊下旋短球與下旋長球。以三台高速攝影機拍攝動作，使用Simi Motion (9.2.1) 軟體擷取球拍與球的三維運動學數據。以單一樣本t考驗檢驗知覺表現與擊球-最大拍速時間差；以二因子重複量數變異數分析檢視運動學參數與動作時宜在擊球技術與知覺情境間的交互作用；另以個案分析檢驗個人在操弄情境間的表現差異。統計水準設為α=.05。桌球聲音事件的間隔時間隨著長短球而有不同，球員能憑聲音辨識球的落點區域。在只有間斷性的聽覺訊息時，球員延遲啟動動作、減少動作時間與距離且動作變異性較大，雖然動作結束的時間點不一定會受到影響，但缺乏視覺依舊使擊球表現較差。缺乏聽覺訊息的影響主要為個體在動作終點的表現，以及較低的擊球拍速與較低的擊球初速，並且在切球擊球前即達到最大拍速。此外，球員在一般情境也無法總是非常準確地以最大拍速擊球。本研究以檢視球員受到不同知覺訊息來源影響的檢驗方法，發現聲音雖然不是擊球時的主要使用線索，但缺乏聲音可能會降低球員對擊球時宜的掌握。桌球運動中的聲音訊息可輔助視覺訊息提供準備擊球前的環境賦使。

Table tennis players constantly update the relevant environmental information to hit the ball at precise position and timing. In addition to the visual information, players may also take advantage of the auditory information from the sound of ball-racket and ball-table impact, providing them with temporal and spatial cues of oncoming balls. This study investigated the role of acoustic cues in table tennis. Eleven elite varsity table tennis players performed the forehand push and topspin-drive strokes to return the shots in normal, no-hearing with earmuffs and white noise, and no-vision with goggles conditions. Three high-speed cameras and the Simi Motion 9.2.1 captured and digitized the 3-D kinematics of the racket and the ball. One-sample t-tests were used to examine auditory perceptual performance and the time difference between hitting and the maximum racket speed. Two-way repeated measures ANOVAs were used to examine the effects of striking techniques and perceptual conditions onthe group's kinematic performance and movement timing. Additionally, performances were analyzed individually. The statistically significant level was set at 𝛼=.05. The distinguishable acoustic information on the ball location afforded players performing push or topspin-drive strokes. Under no-vision condition, participants initiated movements later, reduced movement times and distances, and exhibited higher movement variability. Depriving auditory information affected individuals’ performancemainly for terminal movement. Although the sounds did not play the dominant role as cues to action, eliminating players’ acoustic information impaired their perception-action coupling in the striking task. We suggest that the acoustic cues complement the visual perception to provide the affordance for preparing for the striking task in table tennis.