古文運動與系譜書寫——石介領袖地位的形塑與改作

Abstract

本文聚焦於北宋士人石介（1005-1045）在古文運動中的思想與行動，以及其在1030至1045後由崛起到衰落的歷史過程。石介以創新的古文系譜論述為核心，結合人際網絡的經營，迅速累積了其在思想與文化上的影響力。他的古文系譜不僅試圖重建儒家聖人之道的正統性，也將平民講學者、游士與改革派官員結合為一個文化與政治聯盟，為自己得到廣泛的支持。石介在思想上強調古文與經學的結合，並以批判佛教、道教及時文為策略，形成了鮮明的文化對立性。這些策略雖在短期內在地方上有效地鞏固了其聲望，並使其成為慶曆改革中的重要一員，但也使他成為反對勢力的首要攻擊目標。石介於1045年病逝後，其政治對手夏竦對其提出通敵指控，導致其門人仕途受阻，並使其人際與政治遺產遭到重創。此外，范仲淹、韓琦與歐陽修等改革派人物，出於政治與文化策略的考量，對石介的古文系譜進行了重新詮釋，逐漸削弱甚至瓦解了其思想遺產。本文認為，石介的崛起與衰落不僅是個人的成敗，更是北宋古文運動起伏的縮影。This paper focuses on the thoughts and actions of Shi Jie (1005-1045), a Northern Song scholar, within the Guwen (ancient style) Movement, as well as his historical trajectory from rise to decline between 1030 and the years following 1045. Centered on his innovative Guwen lineage discourse, Shi Jie combined this intellectual framework with the cultivation of social networks, rapidly accumulating influence in both intellectual and political spheres. His Guwen lineage not only sought to restore the orthodoxy of Confucian sages but also united grassroots lecturers, low-degree scholars, and reformist officials into a cultural and political alliance, garnering him widespread support. Intellectually, Shi Jie emphasized the integration of classical prose with Confucian classics, adopting a strategy of critiquing Buddhism, Daoism, and contemporary literary trends, which created a distinct cultural polarization. While these strategies effectively consolidated his local reputation in the short term and positioned him as an important figure in the Qingli Reforms, they also made him a primary target of opposition forces.After Shi Jie’s death in 1045, his political rival Xia Song accused him of treason, which severely hindered the careers of his disciples and dealt a significant blow to his social and political legacy. Furthermore, reformist figures such as Fan Zhongyan, Han Qi, and Ouyang Xiu, driven by considerations of political and cultural strategy, reinterpreted Shi Jie’s Guwen lineage, gradually weakening and even dismantling his intellectual legacy. This paper argues that Shi Jie’s rise and fall reflect not only his personal successes and failures but also serve as a microcosm of the fluctuations within the Northern Song Guwen movement.