臺灣總督府之「南方關與」——以荷屬東印度為中心（1895-1935年）

Abstract

臺灣於1895年被納入日本帝國的版圖之後，被賦予向南方擴展勢力的「據點」地位。作為殖民機關的臺灣總督府，亦以此為己任，透過「南支南洋」政策實踐日本的「南方關與」。本文以荷屬東印度為中心，探討總督府的實際作為與歷史意義。以調查事業而言，除了思考如何使日本人利用南洋的資源之外，其性質亦是延續自日治初期以來，總督府學習熱帶產業知識的南洋考察。兩者在人事上具有以總督府技術官僚為核心的「承繼性」，調查目的皆是以「開發臺灣」為目標。1935年，為了達到臺灣農業的「立體化」以應備當時的國際局勢，調查的成果在「熱帶產業調查會」得到實踐。由此，南洋調查事業所呈現的意義，乃是同為熱帶地區的殖民地，「後進」的臺灣向南洋學習「先進」的熱帶產業知識。以補助事業而言，1914-1929年間的補助，是在「大正南進期」的風潮下進行，多數事業為草創期，同時遭遇經濟衰退以致成效不佳，其意義在於總督府「南方關與」的嘗試，欲協助日本人建立在南洋的根基；1929年後的補助，以「國益」為出發點，為的是因應「經濟大蕭條」所造成日本人事業的困境，企業性質為已在南洋具備基礎者，補助的結果使多數企業度過困境，維持日本人在荷印的經營。由此，此時期的政策，具有日本帝國向南方拓展的「帝國門戶」之意義。除了上述，總督府亦藉由南洋的臺灣關係者——堤林數衛——之人脈網絡，達成「南方關與」的目的。首先，堤林數衛透過臺灣籍民郭春秧家族，奠定在三寶壟的事業根基，體現具日本國籍與華商身分的臺灣籍民之「中介」作用；再者，堤林數衛所參與的南洋倉庫、華南銀行，以及其在荷印禁止輸入臺灣包種茶事件中的交涉角色，呈現總督府利用南洋當地人脈協助政策的推行。最後，堤林數衛對於臺灣銀行、華南銀行的資金貸款交涉事例中，可以看到與總督府相關聯的銀行機關，成為推動「南方關與」時主要的資金來源。After Taiwan was incorporated into the Japanese Empire's territory in 1895, it was positioned as an "base" for southward expansion. As a colonial authority, the Taiwan Governor-General also took this as its mission, implementing Japan's "Southern Involvement（南方關與）" through its "South China and South Seas" Policy. This paper focuses on the Dutch East Indies, discussing the actual actions of the Governor-General's office and its historical significance. In terms of investigative projects, in addition to considering how to enable the Japanese to utilize the resources of the South Seas, its nature also continued the Governor-General's exploration of tropical industry knowledge in Southeast Asia, which dates back to the early period of Japanese rule. Both aspects shared a "continuity" in personnel, with the technical bureaucrats of the Governor-General at their core, and the purpose of the investigations was to serve the goal of "developing Taiwan." In 1935, to prepare for the international situation at the time and to achieve the "diversification" of Taiwan's agriculture, the findings of these investigations were put intopractice through the"Tropical Industry Research Association（熱帶產業調查會）." Thus, the significance of the Southeast Asia investigation lay in the fact that Taiwan, a " less developed" tropical colony, was learning " developed" tropical industry knowledge from Southeast Asia. In terms of subsidy project, the subsidies between 1914 and 1929 were carried out during the "Taishō Southern Expansion Period（大正南進期）." Most of these projects were in their early stages and faced poor outcomes due to the economic recession. The significance of these efforts lay in the Governor-General's attempts at "Southern Involvement," aiming to assist the Japanese in establishing a foothold in Southeast Asia. The subsidies after 1929 were based on the concept of "national interest" and were intended to address the difficulties faced by Japanese businesses due to the "Great Depression." The target enterprises were those that already had a foundation in the Southeast Asia. The outcomes of the subsidies allowed most companies to overcome the crisis and maintain Japanese operations in the Dutch East Indies. Therefore, the subsidy project during this period held the significance of being the"Imperial Gateway（帝國門戶）" for Japan's southward expansion. Aside from the above, the Governor-General also achieved the objectives of the "Southern Involvement" through the personal network of Tsutsumibayashi Kazue（堤林數衛）, a Southeast Asia -based figure with connections in Taiwan. First, Tsutsumibayashi established a business foundation in Semarang through the Kwik Djoen Eng（郭春秧） family, overseas Taiwanese of Chinese merchant, demonstrating the "intermediary" role played by overseas Taiwanese whoheld Japanese nationality and Chinese merchant status. Furthermore, Tsutsumibayashi's involvement in The Southern Warehouse Company Limited（南洋倉庫）, The South China Bank（華南銀行）, and his mediating role in the incident involving the ban on importing Taiwanese Pouchong tea illustrate how the Governor-General leveraged local networks in Southeast Asia to facilitate its policies. Lastly, in Tsutsumibayashi's negotiations for loan funds with the Taiwan Bank and the South China Bank, it can be observed that banking institutions associated with the Governor-General’s Office became the primary financial sources driving the implementation of the"Southern Involvement".