城市空間與政治角力——長安城建築變化與唐前期（705-712）政治集團競爭

Abstract

唐前期的政治角力多以長安城做為競爭舞臺，城中的景觀與建築經常被賦予政治符號，隨著掌權者的變換，景觀與建築的政治符號也隨之更換。本文以《長安志》為史料，觀察神龍元年（705）至先天元年（712），長安城內的景觀與建築的變化與此期間政治角力的關係。中宗透過更換長安城的景觀建築，建立紀念李唐皇室成員的寺廟，在長安城內積極建立李唐皇室的符號和統治權的合理性。城內出現象徵武氏與韋氏的建築，反映中宗為了鞏固皇權，選擇向武氏、韋氏結為政治聯盟的事實。中宗朝的武氏集中在長安城西側、韋氏在東側，武氏在武三思死後逐漸衰弱，韋氏的興起打破了原本分居長安城兩側的平衡，韋氏的勢力向城西延伸。先天年間是睿宗與玄宗共同治理的時期，此時城內的建築變化，大多由玄宗主導，反映玄宗在有限的權力中盡力塑造自己的象徵符號。太平公主在與玄宗的政治競爭中失敗，其長安城內的宅邸皆被國家沒收，由玄宗賞賜給功臣。玄宗為了監視皇室成員、外戚與朝臣的互動，安排他們的住宅位置圍繞在玄宗建立的政治中心——興慶宮。長安城的景觀建築具有政治意義，城中景觀建築發生的變化，是每一次政治競爭時產誕生的結果，反映出政治競爭的現實，不能簡單的視為偶然。During the early Tang Dynasty, political power struggles often centered around Chang'an City, where the city's landscapes and buildings were frequently infused with political symbols. With the change of rulers, the political symbols associated with the landscapes and buildings also changed accordingly. This article draws upon the historical records of "Chang'an Annals" to examine the relationship between the changes in landscapes and buildings within Chang'an City and the political power struggles during the reigns of Emperor Zhongzong to Emperor Xuanzong's Tianbao era (705-755). Emperor Zhongzong actively reshaped the landscapes and buildings of Chang'an City, establishing temples to commemorate members of the Li Tang royal family and actively promoting the symbols and legitimacy of Li Tang's imperial rule within the city. Architectural structures symbolizing the Wu and Wei clans emerged, reflecting Emperor Zhongzong's choice to form a political alliance with the Wu and Wei clans in order to consolidate his own authority. During the Zhongzong era, the Wu clan was concentrated in the western side of Chang'an City, while the Wei clan resided in the east. Following the gradual decline of the Wu clan after the death of Wu Sansi, the rise of the Wei clan disrupted the original balance of their respective locations in Chang'an City, with the Wei clan's influence extending towards the western side. During the Xiantian era, which was a period of joint governance by Emperor Ruizong and Emperor Xuanzong, the changes in architectural structures within the city were mostly directed by Emperor Xuanzong, reflecting his efforts to shape his own symbolic representation within the limitations of his power. Princess Taiping's failure in the political competition with Emperor Xuanzong resulted in the confiscation of her residences in Chang'an City, which were then bestowed upon meritorious officials by Emperor Xuanzong. In order to conveniently monitor the interactions between members of the imperial family, clans, and court officials, Emperor Xuanzong arranged their residential locations surrounding the political center he established, the Xingqing Palace. The landscapes and architectural structures of Chang'an City carried political significance, and the changes in these aspects were the outcomes of each political competition, reflecting the realities of political struggles.