《左傳》「弒君敘事」舉隅
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Date
2010-12-??
Authors
李隆獻
蔡瑩瑩
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Publisher
國立台灣師範大學國文學系
Department of Chinese, NTNU
Department of Chinese, NTNU
Abstract
「趙盾弒其君」與「崔杼弒其君」乃春秋時代兩件重大而著名的史事。《左傳》對此二事件的載述,素為中國傳統史學──尤以「倫理」、「德行」為核心概念的史學理論──所津津樂道。本文則由敘事學的角度切入,首先分析此二弒君事件的情節,探討事件的背景、弒君的原因;其次由人物方面,比較《左傳》刻畫趙盾、崔杼此二「弒君之臣」的形象異同;復次則藉由探討《左傳》對弒君事件的態度,說明《左傳》敘事力求平衡「公眾秩序」與「個人德行」的意義所在:既顯揚個體德行的價值,又維繫君臣倫理的穩固,兩者相輔相成,既呼應先秦儒家學說的理論基礎,也呈現《春秋》的微言大義與《左傳》的敘事特質;文末則透過與西方歷史學/敘事學的比較,凸顯《左傳》敘事的意義與特色:在史事遷流中,求索恆常不變的倫理關懷與道德價值;在時代顛沛中,堅持褒善貶惡的史官精神。
The death of the rulers of Jin (晉) and Qi (齊), at the hands of their prominent ministers Zhao Dun and Cui Zhu respectively, were high-profile regicides in the Spring and Autumn period (722-468 B.C.). The Zuozhuan narrates these two instances of regicide in particularly fine detail, because they exemplify the problems of social order and personal character taken up by Chinese traditional historiography as the heart of its concerns. This paper studies the narrative perspectives employed by the Zuozhuan to play out these concerns. First, the paper analyzes the background factors leading up to the regicides. Then it proceeds to compare and contrast the figures of Zhao Dun and Cui Zhu as portrayed in the Zuozhuan. Subsequently, it explores the various attitudes toward regicides as held by different characters within the text, so as to present the Zuozhuan's efforts at establishing a position with regard to the difficult balance between maintaining social order and encouraging the assertion of personal talent and ability. The implication of these efforts are such that the Zuozhuan both affirms individual endeavor and upholds the stability of lord-minister relations as, ideally speaking, two sides of the same coin. Examining the interplay and tension between these twin values will also help us better appreciate the following: the foundation of Pre Qin Confucian ideals reflected therein; the standards of judgment exercised by the Chunqiu (春秋 Spring and Autumn Annals); the narrative qualities of the Zuozhuan; as well as the Zuozhuan's composite use of a range of opinions from different commentators—such as the Gentleman (junzi 君子) and Confucius (Zhongni 仲尼) –to put together its system of ethical principles. Lastly, this paper suggests that referecing Occidental historiographical tradition and narrative theory can also shed light on the properties and significance of the Zuozhuan as a historical narrative with ethical purposes: that is, though the course of history may flow o
The death of the rulers of Jin (晉) and Qi (齊), at the hands of their prominent ministers Zhao Dun and Cui Zhu respectively, were high-profile regicides in the Spring and Autumn period (722-468 B.C.). The Zuozhuan narrates these two instances of regicide in particularly fine detail, because they exemplify the problems of social order and personal character taken up by Chinese traditional historiography as the heart of its concerns. This paper studies the narrative perspectives employed by the Zuozhuan to play out these concerns. First, the paper analyzes the background factors leading up to the regicides. Then it proceeds to compare and contrast the figures of Zhao Dun and Cui Zhu as portrayed in the Zuozhuan. Subsequently, it explores the various attitudes toward regicides as held by different characters within the text, so as to present the Zuozhuan's efforts at establishing a position with regard to the difficult balance between maintaining social order and encouraging the assertion of personal talent and ability. The implication of these efforts are such that the Zuozhuan both affirms individual endeavor and upholds the stability of lord-minister relations as, ideally speaking, two sides of the same coin. Examining the interplay and tension between these twin values will also help us better appreciate the following: the foundation of Pre Qin Confucian ideals reflected therein; the standards of judgment exercised by the Chunqiu (春秋 Spring and Autumn Annals); the narrative qualities of the Zuozhuan; as well as the Zuozhuan's composite use of a range of opinions from different commentators—such as the Gentleman (junzi 君子) and Confucius (Zhongni 仲尼) –to put together its system of ethical principles. Lastly, this paper suggests that referecing Occidental historiographical tradition and narrative theory can also shed light on the properties and significance of the Zuozhuan as a historical narrative with ethical purposes: that is, though the course of history may flow o