繼往開來的《漢語札記》

Abstract

明末清初耶穌會士懷抱著傳播福音的使命陸續來華，在傳教急切的需求下開始了學習漢語的漫長過程。在此習得過程中，不僅將西方的語言學觀念與教學訓練移轉至中國，而其編寫輔助的漢語學習教材，更成為日後華人自己研究漢語及撰寫漢語語法書的藍本。在這些早期關於漢語語法研究的工具書中，《漢語札記》(Notitia Linguae Sinicae)的表現尤其顯眼。此書乃是法國耶穌會士馬若瑟 (Joseph Henry Marie de Prémare, 1666─1736) 神父於1728年撰寫的一部「關於中國語言的知識」的教科書。此書對於後世西方研究漢語具有相當大程度的影響，因為他不僅是首位將漢語的口語和書面語分開討論的西方漢語研究者，更是突破前人只以希臘─拉丁語言學傳統，將詞類學的概念運用至漢語研究的方法，而開始採用中國的傳統將詞類區分為虛詞和實詞兩類的作法來處理漢語。此外，書中著墨甚多的漢語修辭，更是結合了漢語美文特色和西方修辭格傳統。本文將以漢語語法與修辭為主軸，探討《漢語札記》如何在西方語法與修辭的傳承上，以及引介漢語虛詞概念至西方的創新手法上結合，並呈現出一部前所未有且影響深遠的漢語教學工具書。Late Ming and early Qing, with the mission to preach the words of God, the Jesuit missionaries came to China one after another. Their eager demand began the long process of learning Chinese. During this acquisition they not only transferred the Western conception of Linguistics, but also the teaching training into Chinese learning. All the written language learning materials, turned into the base of the future Chinese grammar books. Among these early studies on Chinese grammar reference books, Notitia Linguae Sinicae was particularly prominent. Written in 1728 by France Jesuitspriest Joseph Henry Marie de Prémare (1666-1736), this is a textbook with "knowledge about the Chinese language". This book profoundly affected on Chinese linguistics study in western academic circle. Prémare was the first Western to separately discuss oral and written Chinese language, besides, unlike his predecessors only applied Greece-Latin Linguistics tradition to annotate Chinese, he included Chinese traditional method, function words and substantive words, to distinguish the parts of speech. In other words, this book integrated Chinese and western linguistics concepts. What’s more, a big range of Chinese rhetoric could also be found in this book, which also blended unique Chinese features and Western rhetoric tradition. This article will take Chinese grammar and rhetoric as the axis, to explore how Notitia Linguae Sinicae turned into an unprecedented and far-reaching Chinese learning book through inheriting western linguistics tradition in grammar and rhetoric, as well as introducing the concept of Chinese function words with innovative practices to the Western world.