舉按之間：論杜赫德〈脈的奧秘〉
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2019
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Abstract
杜赫德(Jean-Baptiste du Halde, 1674-1743)所編輯的《中華帝國全志》(1735)為西方早期漢學名著之一，是十八世紀歐洲人認識中國的重要材料。本論文試圖回答學界困惑已久的疑問，《全志》脈學譯本翻譯時所參照的中醫古籍底本究竟為何？本文考察《全志》裡關於中醫知識的論述，包括中醫序言與譯文主體，特別是關於脈學內容進行分析探討。旨在探究明清之際中醫脈學西傳歐洲的過程，知識重構與中西醫學觀念的交織。
研究發現《全志》中醫具有多元的特徵，在結構上分為序言與主體譯文，整個序言大多摘譯自前人著作的內容，而主體譯文則是具有傳承與創新的雙重特性，脈學與本草的知識可說是延續前人的議題，養生的主題則是創新的部分。結果顯示，材料上來源具有相當的複雜性，尤其是脈學所使用的底本，可能是來自不同文獻合而為一的脈學合輯，而非過去學界所認知的張世賢《圖註脈訣辨真》。筆者還原當時重構的可能中文底本，提供一種對脈學底本的新思考，同時主張該底本成因受到內部耶穌會書寫傳統與外在晚明出版因素影響。經由文本比對發現，《全志》脈學具有由淺入深、主題式重複的特徵，內容反映了在循環觀、解剖生理的中西醫學對話，同時具備臨床學習手冊的功用。
Description Géographique, Historique, Chronologique, Politique et Physique de l'Empire de la Chine et de la Tartarie Chinoise (1735) collected and edited by Jean-Baptiste du Halde’s (1674-1743), which is famous as one of the classics in Sinology and also had been translated into many languages in early modern Europe. This paper investigates the Chinese sources of the translation of Jean-Baptiste du Halde’s work on Chinese Medicine, esp. in pulse diagnosis. This thesis aims to solve the puzzle that has long been confused in most contemporary scholars. What is the source text of Chinese pulse diagnosis in Description? We are trying to explore the the reconstruction of knowledge and the interweaving between Chinese and Western medical concepts when the sphygmology spread from China to Europe. The study found that Chinese medical texts in Description has plural characteristics. In structure, all texts are divided into preface and main part of translation. Most of the preface are excerpted from the previous Jesuit works, while Du Halde was concerned about the issues of inheritance and innovation in main texts. The theme of herbal and pulse knowledge are succeeded by previous works and the rest part about nourishing life can be regarded as innovation. The results showed that Du Halde used source texts with high complexity, esp. in pulse diagnosis, that includes one compilation composed of various Chinese medical books. We constructed the possible source texts at that time, arguing that the scripts were influenced by internal factor of Jesuit historical tradition and the external factor due to publishing trend in late Ming dynasty. On the basis of the textual analysis, contents of pulse diagnosis have traits which are from beginner to advanced level and thematic repetition, reflecting the dialogue between Chinese and Western medicine on circulation, anatomy and physiology. In conclusion, Du Halde’s texts of pulse diagnosis provide the function as the clinical manual in learning the technique.
Description Géographique, Historique, Chronologique, Politique et Physique de l'Empire de la Chine et de la Tartarie Chinoise (1735) collected and edited by Jean-Baptiste du Halde’s (1674-1743), which is famous as one of the classics in Sinology and also had been translated into many languages in early modern Europe. This paper investigates the Chinese sources of the translation of Jean-Baptiste du Halde’s work on Chinese Medicine, esp. in pulse diagnosis. This thesis aims to solve the puzzle that has long been confused in most contemporary scholars. What is the source text of Chinese pulse diagnosis in Description? We are trying to explore the the reconstruction of knowledge and the interweaving between Chinese and Western medical concepts when the sphygmology spread from China to Europe. The study found that Chinese medical texts in Description has plural characteristics. In structure, all texts are divided into preface and main part of translation. Most of the preface are excerpted from the previous Jesuit works, while Du Halde was concerned about the issues of inheritance and innovation in main texts. The theme of herbal and pulse knowledge are succeeded by previous works and the rest part about nourishing life can be regarded as innovation. The results showed that Du Halde used source texts with high complexity, esp. in pulse diagnosis, that includes one compilation composed of various Chinese medical books. We constructed the possible source texts at that time, arguing that the scripts were influenced by internal factor of Jesuit historical tradition and the external factor due to publishing trend in late Ming dynasty. On the basis of the textual analysis, contents of pulse diagnosis have traits which are from beginner to advanced level and thematic repetition, reflecting the dialogue between Chinese and Western medicine on circulation, anatomy and physiology. In conclusion, Du Halde’s texts of pulse diagnosis provide the function as the clinical manual in learning the technique.
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Keywords
杜赫德, 《中華帝國全志》, 《脈訣》, 底本分析, 醫學史, Du Halde, Maijue, Source text analysis, History of Medicine