漢末三國時期的涼州人與政局之關係

Abstract

涼州原為遊牧民族活動之地，漢武帝在位時期打擊匈奴，設立河西四郡，涼州正式被納入漢帝國的版圖之內，由於涼州特殊的地理位置，經過漢帝國的三百年統治之下，地域文化自成一格，涼州豪族以武力和善御兵著稱。東漢持續一百多年的羌族叛亂，不僅讓漢帝國走向衰亡，也使涼州豪族勢力逐漸壯大。漢末以降，涼州豪族在戰亂中充分發揮軍事才能，中下階層的涼州豪族形成割據勢力、威逼朝廷的涼州軍閥，董卓和馬超便是當時顯赫一時的涼州軍閥領袖。董卓死後，涼州軍閥因分裂而衰亡。東漢末年的政治版圖，隨著涼州軍閥的瓦解，演變成群雄逐鹿，最後分為三國。蜀漢政權以北伐中原、光復漢室作為基本國策，涼州因其特殊的地緣關係，成為蜀魏兩國交鋒的最前線，涼州人又再度活躍在戰場上，從而影響兩國政權的內部結構和蜀魏戰爭的走向。涼州人姜維乃是繼葛亮北伐志業的蜀國軍事統帥，他頻繁北伐的行動引起益州人士的不滿，蜀漢內部分裂，最後成為蜀漢滅亡的重要原因之一。三國歸晉後，涼州人因為失去能讓他們大展身手的戰爭舞台，而失去影響力。Liangzhou was a land where nomads were originally active. When the Emperor Wu of Han attacked Xiongnu (Huns), he established the Four prefectures in Hexi. Likewise, Liangzhou was officially included in the territory of the Han Dynasty. Due to its special geographical location, and that it was ruled by the Han Dynasty for about three centuries, it cultivated its own unique and regional culture. The warlords of Liangzhou were famous in the art of combat and war. The Qiang tribe uprising continued for about a century during the East Han Dynasty and led not only to the decline of the Han Empire but also the growth of the Liangzhou warlords. Since the late Han Dynasty, the Liangzhou warlords developed their military talents in war. The mid- and low-level warlords occupied different regions and subsequently rose to power. The warlords, Dong Zhuo and Ma Chao, who threatened the Han court, were prominent Liangzhou warlords at that time. After the death of Dong Zhou, the Liangzhou warlords split and declined. The political landscape in the late Han Dynasty became a bone of contention after the dismantling of the Liangzhou warlords. Eventually, it was divided into three kingdoms. The political power of Shu-Han regarded a northern expedition of central China and the restoration of the Han court as its basic priority. Due to the special geopolitical environment, Liangzhou became the frontline of the Kingdoms of Shu and Wei. The people of Liangzhou became active on the battlefield once more, affecting the internal structure and the trends of war between Shu and Wei. Jiang Wei, a native of Liangzhou, was the Shu general who continued Zhuge Liang’s quest of conquering the north. His frequent actions in subduing the north displeased the people of Liangzhou. The internal divisions within Shu-Han was a major factor in the decline of Shu-Han. After the Jin Dynasty unified the Three Kingdoms, the influence of Liangzhou people also vanished as a result of the loss.