三斑虎灰蝶Spindasis syama（Horsfield, 1829）生物學及喜蟻關係之探討
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2010
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Abstract
本研究以三斑虎灰蝶Spindasis syama（Horsfield, 1829）為題材，探討其與阿美舉尾家蟻Crematogaster amia Forel, 1913的共生關係。研究範圍為共生蟻對雌蝶產卵行為、幼生期成長發育表現與幼蟲野外存活的影響，進而討論三斑虎灰蝶在共生蟻與天敵共同作用下，所表現的食性利用範圍。
研究結果發現三斑虎灰蝶在產卵率及產卵量表現皆因共生蟻的存在而顯著提升，且在共生蟻種存在狀況下，植物種類在產卵選擇偏好上並無顯著差別；幼蟲透過與共生蟻的互動，可達到減少幼蟲期發育時間與提升自然環境中的存活表現，以上特性顯示三斑虎灰蝶是屬於一種絕對型共生（obligate mutualism）喜蟻性灰蝶（myrmecophilous lycaenid butterfly）。喜蟻性灰蝶幼蟲為降低在自然環境遭受的高捕食壓力，雌蝶產卵往往不若多數植食性昆蟲以植物種類與品質做為選擇依據，取而代之的是以共生蟻存在與否做為最為主要考量條件，以提升整體的適存度（fitness），這種用來降低天敵捕食壓力的策略被稱為enemy free space（EFS）。這樣受到天敵捕時壓力影響的產卵偏好，雖可能將卵產於幼蟲無法利用的植物，卻也同時間增加幼蟲利用多種植物的機會，進而使喜蟻性灰蝶寄主植物利用範圍的擴張。
The present study examines the effects associated with the presence of valentine ant Crematogaster amia (Formicidae) on lycaenid butterfly Spindasis syama (Lycaenidae) with regards to its egg laying behavior, larval growth performance, and survivoship in the field. In a series of laboratory choice test, the butterfly exhibited ant-dependent egg laying behavior and did not discriminate between host and non-host plant species. When reared in the presence of ants, the butterfly larvae underwent shorter larval development time and lost more pupal weight. The adult size and weight were independent wheather a larva had been ant-tended or not. A field experiment revealed that ant attendance had significant effect on larval survivorship. I concluded that Spindasis syama is an obligate myrmecophilous lycaenid butterfly based on the ant-dependent oviposition behavior and the high mortality of larvae in the wild without ants. In order to gain protection in the larval stage, the myrmecophilous lycaenids may use ants as cues in oviposition rather than plant species. The female occasionally oviposits on wrong plant species which could not be utilized by the larvae. This oviposition preference offer a choice that myrmecophilous lycaenids use a wider range of plant species than non-myrmecophilous lycaenids. Under the influence of the enemy free space (EFS) mechanism, how does the ant-dependent egg laying behavior affect range of host plants will be discussed in this study.
The present study examines the effects associated with the presence of valentine ant Crematogaster amia (Formicidae) on lycaenid butterfly Spindasis syama (Lycaenidae) with regards to its egg laying behavior, larval growth performance, and survivoship in the field. In a series of laboratory choice test, the butterfly exhibited ant-dependent egg laying behavior and did not discriminate between host and non-host plant species. When reared in the presence of ants, the butterfly larvae underwent shorter larval development time and lost more pupal weight. The adult size and weight were independent wheather a larva had been ant-tended or not. A field experiment revealed that ant attendance had significant effect on larval survivorship. I concluded that Spindasis syama is an obligate myrmecophilous lycaenid butterfly based on the ant-dependent oviposition behavior and the high mortality of larvae in the wild without ants. In order to gain protection in the larval stage, the myrmecophilous lycaenids may use ants as cues in oviposition rather than plant species. The female occasionally oviposits on wrong plant species which could not be utilized by the larvae. This oviposition preference offer a choice that myrmecophilous lycaenids use a wider range of plant species than non-myrmecophilous lycaenids. Under the influence of the enemy free space (EFS) mechanism, how does the ant-dependent egg laying behavior affect range of host plants will be discussed in this study.
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三斑虎灰蝶, 共生, enemy free space（EFS）, 食性範圍, Spindasis syama, myrmecophious, EFS, hostplant range