清代乾隆年間「西域新疆」觀念之變遷與《欽定新疆識略》的刊行

Abstract

當乾隆皇帝向其西部的邊患準噶爾部發動攻勢，並將西域納為領土，闢地二萬餘里時，清廷群臣卻一直對於是否該納西域為疆土，呈現意見分歧的情況。這裡所稱的西域，指的是天山南北路地區，包含準部與回部兩大疆域，長期以來非中原王朝勢力所及之處，致使文人對於西域感到特別陌生。然而，面對群臣質疑的聲浪，乾隆皇帝則將內地與西域視為一體，不只以武力征服西域，更針對西域制定統治措施，並書寫、定位西域。種種舉措，都是為了規範帝國上下臣民對於西域的認知，並完全掌握西域，使之成為「新疆」。是故，本研究旨在探討乾隆年間征服西域之後的善後作為，並將歷史上的西域轉變為清之「新疆」的過程。此外，本文也將焦點放在討論《欽定新疆識略》一書上，探究《欽定新疆識略》的成書與內容。雖然《欽定新疆識略》在道光年間才完書，不過本文認為《欽定新疆識略》是長年以來朝廷與新疆地方文人之間合作的成果，此書的纂成也可以視為「新疆」觀念的成型，更影響道光朝以後清朝對於「新疆」的認知。This research aims to discuss how Qianlong Emperor governed West Region and the process of making the region become Xinjiang after the quelling. “West Region” refers to the area of Junggar Basin and Tarim Basin nowadays. This region was particularly strange to Chinese intellectuals because it was not part of China for a very long period. However, even the ministers and officials of the Qing Dynasty keep disputing and arguing if they should conquer West Region. Qianlong Emperor determined to take West Region into the empire. The emperor not only defeated West Region, but also made a series of ruling policies to give West Region a constructive position in Qing Dynasty. The policies aimed to instruct the people of Qing Dynasty on a concrete cognition of West Region. Furthermore, the policies established the dominion of Qing Dynasty in West Region and named this area Xinjiang.On the other side, this research focuses on the content of Imperial Commanded Xinjiang Zhiliie and its composing process. The book indicates the process of establishing the concept of Xinjiang. Thus, this research considered Imperial Commanded Xinjiang Zhiliie as a crucial collaborative work composed by the imperial court and local’s intellectuals, even though this book was not accomplished until Daoguang period. Moreover, it affected Qing Dynasty’s cognition of Xinjiang after Daoguang period.