佛教譯場與譯論的生成與轉變：三至五世紀

Abstract

佛經譯場的組織嚴謹，分工細密，然而從歷代譯場衍生出來的翻譯論述卻是開放的，不僅因時因地而變，且多半是政治、權力、文化傳統各種力量多方論辯與協調的結果。漢代以來，譯場基本上是域外高僧翻譯佛經，宣講佛法的場所。就翻譯研究的角度看，本土譯經參與者在此也同時習得外語，了解異文化與獲得翻譯知識。更重要的是，譯場也是形塑翻譯論述的所在。 翻譯研究學者勒弗維爾（André Lefevere）曾提到翻譯並非來自真空。若我們檢視譯場衍生的記錄，可知譯場是個眾聲喧譁，爭辯時起的空間。因此，譯場產生的譯經論述就不是一人一時的觀點，而是政治與文化權力折衝協調之後的結果。有鑑於此，本文從早期佛經翻譯衍生的相關文獻，包括僧傳、佛教思想史與相關資料入手，參照當代翻譯研究學派（Translation Studies）的思考與研究模式，探討譯場及其譯經論述是如何在「非真空」之下成形與轉變。 論文分為五章。首章介紹勒弗維爾在翻譯研究上的貢獻及其翻譯非真空論的內涵，進而回顧譯場團隊合譯的組織與特色。第二至四章則進入譯場內部，檢視從譯場衍生的記錄，探討譯場裡的活動與相關人物的翻譯思想，尤其涉及譯論的幾場論辯。論文將以三章的篇幅，分別從譯場裡的筆受（支謙）、證義（道安）、譯主（鳩摩羅什）三個角度入手，討論他們各自的專業（expertise）與他們所提出來的佛經譯說是如何因應各種權威（authorities）的限制，在早期譯場裡互相論辯、成形與轉變。第五章總結前文，並嘗試對譯經的增刪提出歷史與文化上的解釋。The Buddhist translation forum (譯場) was a highly organized institution where Buddhist sutras were translated, Buddhist thoughts transmitted, and translation discourses developed. In accordance with André Lefevere’s statement that translation does not occur in a linguistic and social vacuum, Buddhist translation discourses developed from the translation process cannot be detached from the specific contexts of translation production and use. Their formations and transformations are deeply associated with political power, cultural influences and literary tradition. With this in mind, this dissertation examines various historical records such as sutra prefaces, biographies of the sutra translators and other relevant writings collected within the Collection of Records Concerning the Translation of Tripitaka (出三藏記集) to understand how the early translation discourses were formed and transformed. The dissertation is divided into five chapters. The first chapter deals with Lefevere’s theory, accompanied by a background description of the Buddhist translation forum. The subsequent chapters study how Zhi Qian’s, Daoan’s and Kumarajiva’s theories of translation were developed and changed. Finally, the author will conclude this dissertation by turning to Lefevere’s misguided comments on Daoan’s translation discourses and the early Chinese translation tradition.