瘋狂與禮教——《莊子》生命觀下的儒學批判
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2024
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《莊子》一書向來被視為逍遙無待、修身養心的智慧經典,目前學界的探討大抵不脫形上宇宙本體論、主體存在論或工夫論等面向,但對於《莊子》生命及權力之析論則較不多見,其內蘊仍有待發掘。而大多數《莊子》論著皆屬正向的思考徑路,不過,本論將針對《莊子》「非常人」的思維反向進行儒學批判:即以《莊子》死亡書寫中的乖異行徑和一系殘傷醜惡的畸人形象,闡明在儒家禮教權力施展的囿限之下,《莊子》將如何反思儒家的喪葬價值及顛覆儒家理想人格框架、如何在生命的瀕臨之中「轉」入逍遙之「化」境。本文亦將輔以余德慧「人文臨床」、「生死學」之論,推展出嶄新的《莊子》生命觀詮釋。而由《莊子》文本雖能看出其對於生命的觀察、批判與關懷,但全書卻從未提及「權力」二字,故本文將於包羅多方的可能詮釋中,擇以米歇爾‧傅柯(Michel Foucault, 1926-1984)《古典時代瘋狂史》的「瘋狂」視角,據此界定《莊子》反權力的「瘋狂」人格及其生命觀背後的「懲戒權」,亦即探悉儒家禮教對人們身體、語言及思想的宰制,如傅柯嘗言:「對秩序而言,身體是用於穿透和塑造的。秩序就像一個大的骨架,發出指令,身體便被穿透和侵蝕。」《莊子》所要批判的,便是帶有成心和分判價值的儒學文化脈絡。此外,本論以《莊子》生死學為研究主軸,並與儒學進行溝通辯證,故將以先秦儒道互動下所形成的《莊》學文本為研究範圍;也就是說,根據目前學界共識,僅〈內篇〉為莊子本人之思想,但本文或許不能將〈外篇〉、〈雜篇〉棄而不談,乃因〈外篇〉、〈雜篇〉中具更多與儒家人物對談之內容,皆涵括了《莊子》生命觀之旨要,因此,本文是以《莊子》一書為依據進行討論。期許能在歷史的追溯、理論的定位及《莊子》欲傳達的可能意義之上,提供一個方法論的對話,建構出「瘋狂」的生命觀系統。
The book “Zhuangzi(《莊子》)” has long been regarded as a classic of wisdom on carefree self-cultivation and mental nourishment. Current academic discussions generally focus on metaphysical cosmology, existential subject theory, or self-cultivation theory. Nevertheless, studies of Zhuangzi concerning life and power are relatively rare, and the inner meanings still await exploration. Most discussions on Zhuangzi follow a positive thinking path. This study, however, will subvert this ideology and conduct a critique of Confucianism on the unconventional thinking in Zhuangzi. Specifically, by illustrating the deviant behaviors in Zhuangzi's writings on death and the series of grotesque images and ugly figures of mutilated, this study will explain how Zhuangzi reflects on Confucian funeral values and subverts the ideal framework of Confucian personality under the constraints of Confucian ritual(儒家禮教)power, and also how Zhuangzi transitions into a state of carefree at the brink of life. This study will also adopt Yu De-hui's(余德慧)theories of “humanistic clinical care” and “the theory of living with death” to expand new interpretations in Zhuangzi's view of life(生命觀). Although the content of Zhuangzi reveals his observations, critiques, and concerns about life, the entire book never mentions the term “power”. Therefore, this study will adopt Michel Foucault's perspective on “madness” from “Histoire de la folie à l'âge classique(《古典時代瘋狂史》)”to define Zhuangzi's anti-power “madness” personality and the “disciplinary power(懲戒權)” in his view of life. This is to explore the control of Confucian ritual over bodies, language, andthoughts. As Foucault once said, “An order, therefore, for which bodies are only surfaces to be penetrated and volumes to be worked on, an order which is like a great nervure of prescriptions, such that bodies are invaded and run through by order.” What Zhuangzi critiques is the Confucian cultural context imbued with chengxin(成心)and value judgments.Additionally, this study will focus on the study of life and death in Zhuangzi and engage in dialectical communication with Confucianism. Therefore, the research will include the content of Zhuangzi formed under the interaction of pre-Qin(先秦) Confucianism and Daoism. According to current academic consensus, only the “Inner Chapters(內篇)” reflect Zhuangzi's own thoughts, yet the “Outer Chapters(外篇)” and “Miscellaneous Chapters(雜篇)” cannot be ignored, since they contain more dialogues with Confucian figures, encompassing the essence of Zhuangzi's view of life. Thus, this discussion is based on the entire book of “Zhuangzi”. Through historical tracing, theoretical positioning, and exploring the possible meanings that Zhuangzi wanted to convey, a methodological dialogue can be provided to construct a “mad” system of Zhuangzi's view of life.
The book “Zhuangzi(《莊子》)” has long been regarded as a classic of wisdom on carefree self-cultivation and mental nourishment. Current academic discussions generally focus on metaphysical cosmology, existential subject theory, or self-cultivation theory. Nevertheless, studies of Zhuangzi concerning life and power are relatively rare, and the inner meanings still await exploration. Most discussions on Zhuangzi follow a positive thinking path. This study, however, will subvert this ideology and conduct a critique of Confucianism on the unconventional thinking in Zhuangzi. Specifically, by illustrating the deviant behaviors in Zhuangzi's writings on death and the series of grotesque images and ugly figures of mutilated, this study will explain how Zhuangzi reflects on Confucian funeral values and subverts the ideal framework of Confucian personality under the constraints of Confucian ritual(儒家禮教)power, and also how Zhuangzi transitions into a state of carefree at the brink of life. This study will also adopt Yu De-hui's(余德慧)theories of “humanistic clinical care” and “the theory of living with death” to expand new interpretations in Zhuangzi's view of life(生命觀). Although the content of Zhuangzi reveals his observations, critiques, and concerns about life, the entire book never mentions the term “power”. Therefore, this study will adopt Michel Foucault's perspective on “madness” from “Histoire de la folie à l'âge classique(《古典時代瘋狂史》)”to define Zhuangzi's anti-power “madness” personality and the “disciplinary power(懲戒權)” in his view of life. This is to explore the control of Confucian ritual over bodies, language, andthoughts. As Foucault once said, “An order, therefore, for which bodies are only surfaces to be penetrated and volumes to be worked on, an order which is like a great nervure of prescriptions, such that bodies are invaded and run through by order.” What Zhuangzi critiques is the Confucian cultural context imbued with chengxin(成心)and value judgments.Additionally, this study will focus on the study of life and death in Zhuangzi and engage in dialectical communication with Confucianism. Therefore, the research will include the content of Zhuangzi formed under the interaction of pre-Qin(先秦) Confucianism and Daoism. According to current academic consensus, only the “Inner Chapters(內篇)” reflect Zhuangzi's own thoughts, yet the “Outer Chapters(外篇)” and “Miscellaneous Chapters(雜篇)” cannot be ignored, since they contain more dialogues with Confucian figures, encompassing the essence of Zhuangzi's view of life. Thus, this discussion is based on the entire book of “Zhuangzi”. Through historical tracing, theoretical positioning, and exploring the possible meanings that Zhuangzi wanted to convey, a methodological dialogue can be provided to construct a “mad” system of Zhuangzi's view of life.
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Keywords
莊子, 儒家禮教, 傅柯, 瘋狂, 懲戒權, Zhuangzi, Confucian ritual, Michel Foucault, madness, disciplinary power