朝鮮末年之救亡圖存論—以《皇城新聞》為探究核心(1898-1910)

Abstract

十九世紀中葉，列強逐漸叩關，朝鮮開始了開化時期的更張變革。為了因應列強的壓迫與近代化的挑戰，朝鮮王朝開始了鮮明的救亡圖存思想與行動。約莫到了甲午戰爭後，進入了朝鮮末年最激烈的救亡圖存時期。更具體來說，是指「獨立協會」(1896)成立後到1910被日本併吞為止，也就是廣義愛國啟蒙運動期間。這十餘年期間的救亡圖存思潮與行動概分為激進開化派、保守道學派、穩健開化派等三種。當時主要兩條救亡圖存路線是愛國啟蒙與義兵抗日。愛國啟蒙主張先養成民族實力，是屬於穩健開化路線；義兵的武力行動則主張即刻武力對抗日本。其中，《皇城新聞》是屬於穩健開化的愛國啟蒙時期媒體。《皇城新聞》(1898-1910)是朝鮮末年的眾多報紙輿論中，經營時間最長的代表性媒體，本論文希望透過對《皇城新聞》的探究來了解朝鮮末年的救亡圖存實況。因此，筆者選定《皇城新聞》的政治領域、宗教與儒學領域和民族精神領域等三個主領域為研究向度。在三個主領域底下都還有幾個子領域，涵蓋層面多達十種之多。此外，筆者再以「保守與進步之間」作為衡量指標，客觀分析《皇城新聞》的救亡圖存論。大抵而言，《皇城新聞》的主筆們屬於穩健開化儒者，以安定大局為著想，在急變與緩變之間採取合乎時宜的決定。因此，《皇城新聞》救亡圖存定位呈現出「在保守的政治性中尋求社會性的進步」的樣態。In the middle of the 19th century, the Western powers gradually came to the fore, and the Joseon Dynasty began the transformation of the civilized period. In order to cope with the oppression of foreign powers and the challenges of odernization, the Joseon Dynasty began to have distinct thoughts and actions to save the nation. Around the time of the Sino-Japanese War of 1894, the most intense period of national salvation efforts in the last years of the Joseon Dynasty entered. More specifically, it refers to the period from the establishment of the"Independence Association" (1896) to the annexation by Japan in 1910, which is the period of the Patriotic Enlightenment Movement in a broad sense. In the past ten years or so, the thoughts and actions to save the nation can be divided into three types: the radical enlightenment faction, the conservative Taoist faction, and the moderate enlightenment faction. At that time, the two main routes to save the nation were patriotic enlightenment and armed resistance to Japan. Patriotic enlightenment advocates cultivating national strength first, which is a stable and enlightened line; the armed actions of the volunteers advocate immediate use of force against Japan.Among them," Hwangseon Newspaper " is a media that belongs to the patriotic and enlightenment period that is stable and enlightened. " Hwangseon Newspaper " (1898-1910) is the longest-running representative media among the many newspapers and public opinion in the late Joseon Dynasty. This paper hopes to understand the actual situation of the national salvation plan in the late Joseon Dynasty through the exploration of " Hwangseon Newspaper " . Therefore, I selected the three main fields of " Hwangseon Newspaper " as the research direction: the political field, the religious and Confucian field, and the national spiritual field. There are several sub-fields under the three main fields, covering as many as ten levels. In addition, I use"between conservatism and progress" as a measurement indicator to objectively analyze the survival theory of " Hwangseon Newspaper ". Generally speaking, the main writers of " Hwangseon Newspaper " are steady and enlightened Confucians. They consider the overall situation and make timely decisions between rapid changes and slow changes. Therefore, the positioning of" Hwangseon Newspaper " to save the nation shows the appearance of "seeking social progress in conservative politics."