求實與失真—宋人的海陵王撰述

Abstract

本文以宋朝文獻中與海陵王相關的撰述為中心，探究宋人取得金朝訊息與紀錄、調整的過程。海陵王為金朝第四位皇帝，因在位晚年率兵攻宋，是以宋人對其事蹟紀錄頗豐。撰述之間略可見宋人搜集、處理的過程。本文從訊息流傳與紀錄變遷切入，觀察宋朝局勢對宋人取得、理解與處理海陵王訊息提供的支持以及挑戰。首先可以留意到，在訊息管道大致相同的情況下，宋金局勢變化以及宋朝對金態度的轉變，對海陵王訊息流傳帶來極大影響。海陵王在位初年宋朝內部主和的趨勢，致使宋境內少見海陵王訊息流傳；在位後期宋朝政治局勢的轉變以及戰事爆發，則使海陵王訊息大量湧入宋朝境內。戰後對於戰事的討論，以及史家對於中興史事的梳理，使海陵王訊息在其死後仍受宋人關注。稍後，隨著宋朝內部由主和轉向主戰，金朝相關事件遂成為宋人關注重點。海陵王敗盟後遭金兵叛變弒殺的史事，則成為宋人用以佐證天意的例子。再者，透過對於宋人文獻中海陵王遭弒紀錄的梳理，可進一步看到宋朝局勢對紀錄調整的影響。海陵王遭弒一事因與戰事密切相關，最初撰寫者為宋朝將帥、幕僚，紀錄主旨亦環繞戰事。是以，有利於宋軍將帥的論述遂出現於宋人紀錄中，此後對於戰功的議論更加強此說的流傳。雖然同時期亦出現少數與金朝相近的敘述，但在既有論述已遍行於世的情況下，稍後史家的調整仍受限於此。This paper focuses on the written accounts of the Southern Sung dynasty on Hai-ling Wang, examining the process through which the Sung obtained, recorded, and revised the narrative of the Jurchen Jin dynasty. Hai-ling Wang was the fourth emperor of the Jin, and due to the wars he waged against the Sung in the later years of his reign became the subject of many Sung accounts. The writings reveal clues as to the ways the Sung acquired and revised intelligence on the Jin. Analyzing the transmission of information and changes in the records, this paper investigates the mechanisms and challenges posed by the political situation of Sung in gathering, interpreting, and processing information on Hai-ling Wang.The first observation is that given the same channels of transmission, changes in the Sung’s position and its attitude towards the Jin greatly impacted the flow of information coming from Hai-ling Wang. In the early years of his reign, a tendency among the Sung dynasty for peaceful resolution of conflicts resulted in minimal circulation of information on Hai-ling Wang; conversely, during the latter years of his reign, the political situation of the Sung dynasty and the outbreak of war resulted in a much greater influx of information in this regard. Post-war discourse and deliberations among historians of the Dynastic Revival of the Southern Song sustained public interest in the Hai-ling Wang beyond his death. Later, as the Sung shifted from peaceful resolution towards war, Jin-related news became the center of attention. The historical incident of mutiny against Hai-ling Wang’s betrayal of agreements, resulting in his execution, became circumstantial evidence of divine providence.Moreover, through posthumous reflections on the betrayal of Hai-ling Wang in Sung literature, one sees the effects of the political situation of the Sung on the revision of records. Since the death of Hai-ling Wang weighed heavily on the war situation, initial accounts written by generals and aides also revolved around topics of war. Henceforth, written narratives tuned to the interests of Sung generals emerged within the ranks, perpetuated through debates of war merits. Although a minority of historical accounts along Jin perspectives can be found during this period, the predominant narrative in universal circulation meant that each successive historical revision has also been bound by this precedent.