國民革命脈絡外的臺灣抗日英雄羅福星

Abstract

1912年末，羅福星懷著壯志雄心來到臺灣，企圖掀起革命的旋風，不料隔年事情敗漏，年底遭到搜捕，於1914年3月3日於臺北監獄伏法。對羅福星何以能既在中國「革命」、又在臺灣「抗日」，如何實踐，理念上又如何連貫之問題，促使本論文重新審視其生平、革命歷程與其抗日的經過。前述羅福星所參與的中國「革命」指的是他曾於1911年參與了黃花崗之役以及辛亥革命；在臺灣「抗日」則指羅福星在1912年底來到臺灣，武裝對抗日本殖民統治體系，最後以失敗告終。羅福星既於中國「革命」，又在臺灣「抗日」，兩者之間的關聯性便是今日在臺羅福星形象之核心。儘管羅福星在臺灣人盡皆知，但其生平與經歷卻非如想像中清晰。在臺灣抗日歷史記憶的建構過程中，中國國民黨（前身爲同盟會）在20世紀初所主導的「國民革命」即兩岸皆普遍所稱之辛亥革命的意識形態，原由孫文提出，旨在建立民族國家的政治運動長期以來也主導了羅福星之英雄形象與歷史定位，將中國國民黨主導的革命正統與國家敘事結合在一起。然而，不光是其生平記錄，羅福星在臺抗日的行動與理念，據羅福星自述乃是爲臺灣百姓的生計與福祉進行之抗爭，實際上暗示了與「國民革命」關聯性不強，但將羅福星的抗日行爲與中華民國肇建的「國民革命」相互連接、重疊的論述，則是戰後中華民國政府遷臺之後所建構的歷史詮釋策略，有助於鞏固其政治正當性。

本研究以釐清羅福星在臺灣的歷史定位起始，探討羅福星的生平事蹟，其被捕與審判的過程，以及戰後及至近年來歷史地位的變遷。透過與國民黨在戰後對抗日歷史詮釋策略的比較，本文重建了不同歷史階段下羅福星的人物形象如何被重寫與挪用之過程，進而揭示臺灣抗日運動的歷史軌跡，以及中國民族主義在1949年以降之合流，如何與此歷史敘事交織，共同塑造當代對羅福星的認識。

本研究認爲，今日羅福星之形象塑造，乃是受到臺灣在不同政治與社會發展階段下逐步建構與疊加的產物：羅福星生於蕉嶺，來自一個與海外有聯繫的家庭，年少時曾來臺「留學」，後返回中國參與同盟會，繼而再次來臺籌劃抗日行動，最終被日警逮捕並處死。儘管他的行動獲得革命黨人的肯定，其抗日動機卻不完全基於中國民族主義或國民革命的意識形態。羅福星在臺灣的歷史建構過程中，除了有在地之影響，也受外在多重力量交織逐步成形。在日治時期，羅福星被貼上標籤為「匪徒」；1920年代在隔海對岸被視爲「革命先進」；戰後，他則被兩岸革命話語共同塑造成「民族英雄」。在臺灣的民主化過程中，客家身份也進一步成為其形象的一部分。羅福星的形象隨著臺灣近現代歷史演變而多次轉變，從匪徒、革命先進、抗日英雄、革命抗日英雄到客家代表等多重的身份，正反映出臺灣近代史的發展與多元。At the end of 1912, Luo Fu-hsing（羅福星） arrived in Taiwan with great ambition, intending to ignite a revolutionary uprising. However, the plan was exposed the following year, leading to his arrest at the end of 1913 and eventual execution at Taipei Prison（臺北監獄） on March 3, 1914. This study seeks to re-examine Luo Fu-hsing’s life, revolutionary journey, and anti-Japanese resistance by questioning how he could be involved in both the “revolution” in China and the “anti-Japanese” movement in Taiwan—how these actions were realized and ideologically connected. Luo had previously participated in the 1911 Huanghuagang Uprising（黃花崗之役） and the Xinhai Revolution（辛亥革命） in China. His anti-Japanese activities in Taiwan began in late 1912, where he attempted to resist the Japanese colonial regime through armed struggle, which ultimately failed. The linkage between his revolutionary acts in China and resistance in Taiwan forms the core of Luo Fu-hsing’s contemporary image in Taiwan.Although Luo Fu-hsing is widely known in Taiwan, his biography and experiences are not as well understood as commonly assumed. During the construction of Taiwan’s anti-Japanese historical memory, the ideology of the “National Revolution”（國民革命） led by the Kuomintang (formerly the Tongmenghui 同盟會) in the early 20th century—originally proposed by Sun Yat-sen（孫文） as a political movement to establish a nation-state—played a dominant role in shaping Luo’s heroic image and historical status. However,according to Luo’s own account, his anti-Japanese actions in Taiwan were driven by concerns for the livelihood and well-being of the local people, suggesting a weak connection with the ideological framework of the National Revolution. The postwar Republic of China government, having relocated to Taiwan, constructed a historical interpretation that strategically merged Luo’s anti-Japanese resistance with the founding narratives of the Republic, thereby reinforcing its own political legitimacy.This research begins by clarifying Luo Fu-hsing’s historical positioning in Taiwan, examining his life, arrest, and trial, as well as the transformation of his historical status in the postwar and contemporary periods. By comparing these findings with the Kuomintang’s postwar strategies of interpreting anti-Japanese history, this study reconstructs how Luo’s image has been rewritten and appropriated across different historical stages. It further reveals the trajectory of Taiwan’s anti-Japanesemovements and explores how Chinese nationalism, after 1949, converged with these narratives to shape contemporary understandings of Luo Fu-hsing.The study argues that the present image of Luo Fu-hsing is a product of Taiwan’s evolving political and social contexts. Born in Jiaoling（蕉嶺縣） into a family with overseas connections, Luo studied in Taiwan in his youth, joined the Tongmenghui upon returning to China, and later re-entered Taiwan to organize anti-Japanese activities—ultimately being arrested and executed by Japanese authorities. While his efforts were recognized by revolutionaries, his motives were not entirely rooted in Chinesenationalism or the ideology of the National Revolution. The historical construction of Luo’s image in Taiwan has been influenced by both local forces and external interventions.During the Japanese colonial period, Luo was labeled a “bandit”; in the 1920s, he was viewed from across the Taiwan Strait as a “revolutionary pioneer”; after World War II, both sides of the Strait portrayed him as a “national hero.” In Taiwan’s democratization era, his Hakka identity became an additional layer of his image. Luo Fu-hsing’s multiple transformations—from bandit, revolutionary, anti-Japanese hero, to Hakka representative—mirror Taiwan’s modern historical development and the pluralistic nature of its collective memory.