以中國「舉國體制」模式探析臺灣競技桌球之發展
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2014
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從二十一世紀起，中國奧運成績竄升，一舉成為體壇新霸主，尤以桌球最為亮眼。中國競技桌球在過去七屆奧運裡，就曾包攬過四屆奧運金牌，成為各國爭相學習的對象。臺灣競技桌球在國際賽事的成績已較以往有長足的進步，但相對於中國桌球的表現仍有一段差距。我國是否可以借鏡學習中國呢？本研究以中國舉國體制之十二項基本體系為分析依據，探討中國與臺灣競技桌球發展為何，並比較兩國發展的異同點。再以政策學習的概念，瞭解臺灣在競技桌球發球展上，向中國學習的可能性。研究方法，採內容分析法和半結構式訪談法。本研究結果發現：中國競技桌球是由國家體育總局統籌管理，對教練選手的支援具全面性，尤其是有關運科人員介入輔助方面。儘管其發展領先各國，仍不斷努力完善體制。而臺灣競技桌球有關單位分工明確，然而因為協會內部派系問題，國家隊的教練、選手和陪練員無法有效整合，致使發展受到阻礙。其在發展上相較具系統性的有後備人才培育和運動員文化知識教育兩部分，當前我國急需加強科學化的培訓方式與科技與訊息的服務。中國與臺灣競技桌球發展有其相同之處，但中國突出而臺灣尚未發展的部分有專業體能訓練師輔助訓練、基礎體能納入青少年比賽評比、設立單項運動訓練中心、舉辦職業聯賽、專業人員協助技戰術分析、獎勵各階段教練和運科等人員。在兩岸體育交流日益頻繁下，某種程度我國競技桌球正在向中國借鏡學習。研究建議未來我國競技桌球優先從尚未發展的部分進行改善，以提升國家隊的競技實力。
Since the beginning of the twenty-first century, China has rocketed to the top of the medal counts at the Summer Olympics, especially in the ranking of table tennis. In four of the past seven Summer Olympics, China won all the gold medals in table tennis; thus, China has become a model for other countries to learn from. As regards the performance of Taiwan’s elite table tennis at international sports events, although these years it has progressed by leaps and bounds, in contrast with China’s, gap still exists between the two. Hence, a question arises here: can Taiwan learn lessons from China and improve its development in elite table tennis? Based on the twelve elements of China’s “Juguo Tizhi”, this study explores and compares the development of elite table tennis in China and Taiwan. The concept of policy learning is also applied to investigate the possibilities that Taiwan learns from China in its elite table tennis development. To fulfill the aims of this research, content analysis and semi-structured interview are used as research methods in this study. The results show that China’s elite table tennis is governed by the General Administration of Sport, which offers full support, especially the assistance of sports scientists, for coaches and athletes. Although China is the leader in the world of table tennis, the government still works hard and puts icing on the cake to complete the cultivation system. On the other hand, the table tennis related organizations in Taiwan have clear divisions of labor, while the problems of factions in the Chinese Taipei Table Tennis Association damage the cohesiveness among coaches, athletes, and training partners of the national team, making the development limited. Compared with China, Taiwan has more systematic development in cultivating reserve talents, and the education of athletes. Presently, there is urgent need for Taiwan to improve the scientific approach of athletes’ cultivation, and the support from technology and communication. Similarities exist in the development of elite table tennis in Taiwan and China. Nonetheless, aspects which China is much more advanced in are: employment of strength and conditioning specialists, inclusion of the results of basic physical fitness tests in youth games, establishment of training centers and a professional league of table tennis, analysis of strategies and tactics by specialists, a reward system for coaches and sports scientists of various levels. With the higher frequency of sport exchange between the two countries these years, to some extent, Taiwan is learning lessons from China. It is suggested in this research that the development of the elite table tennis in Taiwan needs to be improved, especially on the aspects mentioned above, to increase the competitiveness of the national team.
Since the beginning of the twenty-first century, China has rocketed to the top of the medal counts at the Summer Olympics, especially in the ranking of table tennis. In four of the past seven Summer Olympics, China won all the gold medals in table tennis; thus, China has become a model for other countries to learn from. As regards the performance of Taiwan’s elite table tennis at international sports events, although these years it has progressed by leaps and bounds, in contrast with China’s, gap still exists between the two. Hence, a question arises here: can Taiwan learn lessons from China and improve its development in elite table tennis? Based on the twelve elements of China’s “Juguo Tizhi”, this study explores and compares the development of elite table tennis in China and Taiwan. The concept of policy learning is also applied to investigate the possibilities that Taiwan learns from China in its elite table tennis development. To fulfill the aims of this research, content analysis and semi-structured interview are used as research methods in this study. The results show that China’s elite table tennis is governed by the General Administration of Sport, which offers full support, especially the assistance of sports scientists, for coaches and athletes. Although China is the leader in the world of table tennis, the government still works hard and puts icing on the cake to complete the cultivation system. On the other hand, the table tennis related organizations in Taiwan have clear divisions of labor, while the problems of factions in the Chinese Taipei Table Tennis Association damage the cohesiveness among coaches, athletes, and training partners of the national team, making the development limited. Compared with China, Taiwan has more systematic development in cultivating reserve talents, and the education of athletes. Presently, there is urgent need for Taiwan to improve the scientific approach of athletes’ cultivation, and the support from technology and communication. Similarities exist in the development of elite table tennis in Taiwan and China. Nonetheless, aspects which China is much more advanced in are: employment of strength and conditioning specialists, inclusion of the results of basic physical fitness tests in youth games, establishment of training centers and a professional league of table tennis, analysis of strategies and tactics by specialists, a reward system for coaches and sports scientists of various levels. With the higher frequency of sport exchange between the two countries these years, to some extent, Taiwan is learning lessons from China. It is suggested in this research that the development of the elite table tennis in Taiwan needs to be improved, especially on the aspects mentioned above, to increase the competitiveness of the national team.
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競技桌球, 中國舉國體制十二項體系, 政策學習, elite table tennis, the twelve elements of China’s Juguo Tizhi (whole nation system), policy learning