美軍在臺灣：冷戰下的日常生活（1951-1979）

Abstract

戰後，美國文化對臺灣的影響非常廣泛且深刻。目前學界針對美國與中華民國兩者在政治上、外交上的討論已汗牛充棟，但是美軍與臺灣社會互動的研究卻是少有人討論。為解決上述問題，本論文透過官方檔案、口述歷史、歷史報紙、文學作品等材料，將視角放在臺灣社會生活史層面上，分析美軍的日常生活如何滲透至臺灣大眾生活。

在中美政治操弄下，美軍在臺灣建立專屬美軍的空間提供美軍生活所需及休閒娛樂，使得在臺灣服役期間美軍與其家眷仍然過著猶如在美國般地生活，而美軍的美式日常生活成為臺灣社會追逐的目標。本文主要研究對象為與美軍交往的臺灣人。此類臺灣人指在美軍公、私領域裡工作的臺灣人，分為兩種：第一種是在美軍空間從事低階勞力的臺灣人，如美軍宿舍的幫傭、美軍俱樂部的服務生等美國工；另一種是利用與美軍的人脈網絡發展高資本生意的企業家。他們皆是因美軍駐臺形成的「美軍經濟」而生的美國工。然而，無論是低階勞動者或是企業家都擺脫不掉由美式所領銜的消費文化。美軍駐在使臺灣社會受到軍事化影響成為一個半軍事化社會。

本文口述資料充斥著對美軍不同的記憶，呈現出臺灣對美軍有著矛盾態度。筆者將本章的口述資料分為官方記憶、社會記憶和群體記憶。官方記憶強調中美同盟的政治意涵；社會記憶所呈現的美軍形象卻充滿犯罪；群體記憶毫不掩飾表達他們對美軍的欣賞與讚嘆。美國工藉由與美軍的認識經驗得到對美軍正面的評價，進而「生產」出他們的「美國觀」。這說明群體記憶為何一面倒地呈現美軍的正面形象。

臺灣社會透過美軍理解美國，這個過程仰賴美國工扮演將美式日常生活「轉介」出來臺灣社會的中介者角色。美國的軍事部屬波動臺灣大眾，美國駐軍對臺灣的影響除了為社會帶來正面效益外，同時也出現緊張關係。隨美軍來的美式消費文化與習慣影響其周邊，透過中介者的轉介逐漸形成的地下黑市。臺北、高雄的晴光與堀江市場誕生與擴張代表著黑市結構規模化，黑市問題無法獲得根本性解決的關鍵在於美軍物資的炙手可熱。本文再檢視「劉自然事件」發現該事件的核心問題除了冷戰結構性因素外，還存在著美軍/臺灣大眾/黑市三者彼此交融所產生的半軍事化社會所延伸的問題。After World War II, the culture of the U.S. influenced Taiwanese society extensively and profoundly. At present, there is a huge amount of academic studies focusing on the political and diplomatic discussions between the U.S. and the R.O.C. in Taiwan, yet there are not enough studies on the interaction between the U.S. military forces and Taiwanese society. In order to fill this gap, this thesis will take a perspective of Taiwan social history and reveal how the American lifestyle has been infiltrating the everyday life of Taiwanese. Analyzing it from the perspective of Taiwan social history. The research will solve these problems through extensive use of sources, such as archives, historical newspapers, oral history, literary works, etc.

Under the political manipulation of the U.S. and the R.O.C, government in Taiwan, the U.S. military established some places which were exclusively offered to the U.S. military and their families, e.g. recreation facilities. These facilities allowed the U.S. military and their families to live the lifestyles in the homeland. The American lifestyle had also become the dream of many Taiwanese. The primary research object are the Taiwanese who had been entered in contact with the U.S. soldiers. Those were who had been serving in the American field or private field, they could be divided into two categories. One is the Taiwanese in the U.S. base who served as low-level labor, like the “Amahs” in the BOT House（美軍宿舍）, and waiters in the MAAG Officers' Open Mess（美軍俱樂部）. The other category includes the entrepreneurs who were using the past relationship with the U.S. military to develop their companies. The“U.S. military economy” therefore was formed by the U.S. military which were stationed in Taiwan. However, Those Taiwanese who had worked for the U.S. soldiers（美國工）, whether the low-level labor or entrepreneurs, they were unable to get out of the consumer culture led by the Americans, Thus, Taiwanese society had becomes a “Semi-Militarized Society”, mainly influenced by the militarization from the U.S. military.

This study contains distinctive memories of the U.S. soldiers from several Taiwanese. This fact has shown that Taiwanese have contradictory attitudes towards the U.S. soldiers in that period of time. The collected oral history in the thesis can be divided into three main sections：Official memory, society memory, and collective memory. The official memory emphasized political implication between the U.S. and the R.O.C. The society memory showed that the U.S. military has committed various types of crime. However, the collective memory made no secret to express their appreciation and admiration for the U.S. military. The Taiwanese who had worked for the U.S. soldiers（美國工）were mostly having positive experiences. They thus “produced” their own “"American view.”" The research result hence explains why collective memory always shows the U.S. military's positive images.

Taiwanese society had been perceiving the U.S. through their military forces , and the process relied on “Mei Goo Gong“, also known as those who worked for the U.S. soldiers,（美國工） playing the roleof the ’’intermediary”, delivering the U.S. daily lifestyle into Taiwanese society. Despite the U.S. military had brought positive benefits, they had also brought tensions to Taiwan economy at the time. Due to the influence of American consumer culture, the black market was formed through the transfer from the Taiwanese intermediaries. The expansion of the Qingguang Market（晴光市場）in Taipei and the Jyuejiang Market（堀江市場）in Kaohsiung meant the appearance of Large-Scale underground economy structure. The key to this problem was not fundamentally resolved since Taiwanese were hysterically longing for the U.S. military supplies. In the end, this study reconfirms “'Liu Tzu-Jan Incident”' in order to discover this crux. The key figure of the incident contains the cold war structural factors, and also the social factors that blended the U.S. military / Taiwanese society / black market all together as well.