威權統合主義下的「台北市報業公會」(1949~1958)
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2020
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民主被視為普世價值,從直接民主轉為代議民主,再以審議式民主補菁英式民主的不足,公共領域更顯重要。公共領域以新聞媒體和社會團體兩種機制而存在,解嚴前,台灣新聞界即存有許多新聞團體,唯其運作並非純然是公共領域或第三部門的概念之下,更多是威權統合主義下的準國家機構。
「台北市報業公會」誕生於國共內戰失利撤退來台的國民黨政府進行威權統合的體制之下。國民黨面對挫敗與吃緊的國際情勢,很自然也順理成章地重拾抗戰時期的「國家至上」精神,一切物力、人員都在國家動員的範疇中,憲法賦予的新聞與言論自由遭到凍結,新聞媒體、新聞團體與新聞教育都在黨國體制統合下成為侍從,國民黨第四組取代政府機關成為新聞領域的主管機關。但國民黨威權而非極權,加上內部派系的問題,以及報業與報人自清末現代化以來,受到西方國家的影響,就是以自由、獨立為目標,縱使生長的土壤中。這樣的養分並不多,但也某種程度延緩了新聞界被統合的進程。
1948至1958年間的「台北市報業公會」一方面扮演準國家機構的角色,協力政府完成許多工作,對外參與國際新聞性團體與活動,共同反共抗俄,對內積極報導國家總總建設與成果,同時,也提供許多社會服務;另一方面,此一時期的報業公會仍有空間扮演公共領域的角色,除了基本的同業服務,為了爭取新聞用紙的價格平穩、供貨正常與品質提升,為了爭取新聞事業免徵營利事業所得稅,報業公會集合黨公民營報業共同向政府請願,更為了阻擋《出版法》的不當修正,站在政府的對立面、據理力爭,但政府的強硬態度,完全無視新聞界的請願與呼籲,《出版法》如政府所願納入「撤銷登記」的罰則,此一過程中,報業公會內黨公營報刊與民營報業決裂,民營報業間也離心離德。請願抗爭失敗,在後續的戒嚴歲月中,報業公會未曾再提出任何請願,只能扮演宣傳或侍從角色,「無黨無派獨立經營」成了報業與政府所能維持最遠的距離。
時隔一個甲子,回憶起威權時代的公共領域只能享有有限的民主,反觀解禁後脫離政治權力掌控的媒體又淪為財團的附庸,多元發展的新聞團體也反映民主的有限。民主的有限意味著政府、財團與人民任何一方的權力都受有限制,亦或維持動態平衡,這正是民主平權社會的重要象徵,但筆者依然期待廣大人民的力量能透過公共領域進行更平等、多元與理性的對話與集結,以便和政府及財團兩大勢力,達到相互制衡的效果。
The "Taipei Newspaper Association" was established under the authoritarian system of the Nationalist Government that came to Taiwan after the defeat of the KMT-Civil War. The national government faces a frustrated and tight international situation, strictly controls newspapers. During 1949 to 1958, on the one hand, the "Taipei Newspaper Association" played the role of a quasi-state agency, helping the government spread the achievements of national construction. On the other hand, it was the public sphere of the newspaper industry, fighting for the public interest for presses. Although the struggle was fail. The spirit was important and desirable. Especially in the moment of over-commercialization, especially in the Post-truth age, rational public sphere is more important.
The "Taipei Newspaper Association" was established under the authoritarian system of the Nationalist Government that came to Taiwan after the defeat of the KMT-Civil War. The national government faces a frustrated and tight international situation, strictly controls newspapers. During 1949 to 1958, on the one hand, the "Taipei Newspaper Association" played the role of a quasi-state agency, helping the government spread the achievements of national construction. On the other hand, it was the public sphere of the newspaper industry, fighting for the public interest for presses. Although the struggle was fail. The spirit was important and desirable. Especially in the moment of over-commercialization, especially in the Post-truth age, rational public sphere is more important.
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台灣新聞史, 威權統合主義, 公共領域, 新聞團體, 台北市報業公會, History of Taiwan Press, Authoritarian Corporatism, Public Sphere, Taipei Newspapers Association