體操技術報告-以2011全國大專校院運動會林祥威選手鞍馬項目為例

Abstract

近年來我國男子競技體操鞍馬項目在國際上均獲得不錯的佳績，這說明了鞍馬項目可視為我國重點發展的項目。本報告旨在透過林祥威選手2010年四月動完左肩手術後參加2011年全國大專運動會之訓練及參賽過程進行分析紀錄與檢討，希望藉此報告從中找出優缺點，作為往後教練、選手訓練的參考與依據。本報告分成四個章節重點摘要如下第壹章個案描述：林祥威選手出生於台北市，五歲開始練體操，大學時期因選上國手長期進駐國家訓練中心培訓，經過系統化與週期化的訓練明顯看出國際成績的進步。第貳章學理基礎：體操運動有90﹪能量來自於磷化物與乳酸系統，因此訓練時須針對此能量系統訓練。在心理技能屬性方面，鞍馬屬於系列性及內在閉鎖性的運動項目。在體能訓練部分以高強性間歇訓練來提升磷化物與乳酸代謝混合型系統為一種有效訓練方法。心理訓練部分則包括意像訓練、建立例行性動作、放鬆訓練、負面思考控制訓練等。技術訓練部分為單個動作、聯合動作和成套動作訓練等方法。第参章訓練及參賽計畫：本訓練計畫是以單峰週期結構來劃分，在訓練計畫安排前需針對內外部環境進行S.W.O.T分析及訓練特殊性分析後才擬定訓練計畫。訓練安排透過體能、心理、技術檢測後在第二階段週期規劃訓練內容方向如下：體能部分需提升專項體能如鞍馬馬圈圈數，心理部分需在負面思考控制、干擾控制上利用心理訓練技巧來加強不足的地方，技術部份：在2010年4月開完刀後有四個月沒有技術訓練，因此需特別加強所有單動作的恢復速度。在參賽計畫安排上從主要比賽（2011全大運）出發至結束時間共七天，期間安排了一天一般訓練，一天賽台訓練，兩 天比賽調整訓練，三天比賽。第肆章訓練及參賽結果與建議:訓練階段特殊準備期Ⅱ因左肩恢復不如預期，檢討原因此階段考上敦化國小專任體操教練，訓練作息改變導致身體疲勞無法恢復，賽前又因隊友凃育辰受傷臨時補上缺席項目，在眾多突發狀況以致體能無法調整到巔峰，最後得分12.65分第二名作收。建議：選拔部分協會應儘早確認選拔日期，訓練部分應加倍準備體能訓練以備臨時狀況的發生，參賽部分應將各種影響比賽的因素降到最低，以增加最後獲勝的機會。

Recent remarkable competition results which our country has received in international men’s Pommel Horse competition indicates that Pommel Horse is worthy of prioritizing; thus, this technical report aims to provide future reference and basis for training programs afterwards, through the record, analysis, and review of the process in which athlete Hsiang-Wei Lin was trained for, and performed in, the National Intercollegiate Athlete Game 2011, after his left shoulder surgery in April 2010. This report consists of four chapters. Chapter One, Case Description: Hsiang-Wei Lin, the author as well as the case subject, was born in Taipei City, started his gymnastics training at the age of 5. Selected as a national gymnastics representation in college, Lin subsequently received a systematic and periodical long-term training program in National Sports Training Center and eminently progressed in international competitions. Chapter Two, Theoretical Foundation: Several dimensions involved in the training for gymnasts are considered. Firstly, Up to 90% of the energy for gymnastics derives from ATP-PC& Lactic Acid mix system; the energy system for this reason should be the focus in the training program. On account of the fact that Pommel Horse is categorized as an event of a serial skill and an internally-closed system in terms of psychological skills, gymnasts in this field must rapidly accommodate themselves into a mental condition appropriate for competition. Thirdly, highly intensive intermittence training has proved a valid way of enhancing ATP-PC & Lactic Acid Mix System and a great contribution to physical strength. Fourthly, image simulation, routine establishment, relaxation, and negative thought control constitute the course of psychological training. In addition, technical skill training comprises trainings of single elements, combinative elements, and choreographic routines. Chapter Three, Training Program for Competition: S.W.O.T Analysis of intrinsic and extrinsic conditions and the analysis of specific characteristics of training should be completed prior to the target training program, which was schemed based on the single-peak structure. According to the results of physical strength, psychological quality, and gymnastic skill tests, the objective of the 2nd stage of the training program was established as follows. In terms of physical strength, an enhanced apparatus-specific training program was necessary, such as increasing circle numbers. Psychological training skills, such as negative thought control, and interference control, were adopted for strengthening insufficient aspects. With regard to the technique training, due to the four-month suspension of technique training after the surgery in April 2010, it is essential to accelerate the recovery of single elements. The seven-day competition (the National Intercollegiate Athlete Game 2011) was scheduled as one-day general training, one-day podium training, two-day adjustment, and three-day competition.