北宋開化寺西壁報恩經變敘事畫研究

Abstract

位於現今山西高平的開化寺，其大雄寶殿仍留有北宋時期繪製的佛教壁畫，為現存少數繪製於寺觀的北宋壁畫。開化寺大雄寶殿內的壁畫繪製於西壁、北壁大門的兩側以及東壁。西壁上有三舖主要的佛說法圖，以及圍繞著三舖說法圖繪製的七個看似連貫成一體的佛教敘事畫。過去研究中確立西壁繪製的題材乃是《大方便佛報恩經》中的故事，同時也發現了西壁的故事有部分閱讀順序跳躍的問題。本文意在探討西壁這七個敘事畫的故事圖像安排以及可能的設計方式，並在梳理出這七個故事的特色及設計巧思後，回溯敦煌壁畫中相同題材的故事，理解敦煌報恩經變和其他故事的繪製傳統，找出開化寺敘事畫在圖像表現和敘事畫設計所受的影響源流。接著，將利用開化寺西壁敘事畫呈現出七個故事構成連貫巨製的特性，以開化寺壁畫中的場景特色為基準，與繪製在建築、山水場景中的敦煌經變畫比較。以期望從不同面向，增加對開化寺西壁敘事畫可能影響源流的瞭解。最後，則加入與北宋長卷式敘事畫的相關討論，探討開化寺敘事畫與北宋長卷式敘事畫在敘事手法、部分畫面元素的使用上是否有關。期望透過釐清開化寺西壁敘事畫與敦煌、北宋長卷式繪畫的關係，協助了解敘事畫在北宋的發展情形。The Kaihua Temple, located in present-day Gaoping, Shanxi, still preserves Buddhist murals painted in the Northern Song Dynasty in its Mahavira Hall. The murals inside the Mahavira Hall of Kaihua Temple are painted on the west wall, two sides of the north wall gate, and the east wall. On the west wall, there are three main depictions of Buddha teaching pictures, surrounded by seven almost interconnected narrative paintings depicting Buddhist stories. Previous research has revealed that the subject matter depicted on the west wall is from the stories in the" the Sutra of Piety by Omnipotential Buddha." Simultaneously, issues were identified regarding the discontinuity in the reading sequence of the stories on the west wall.

This research aims to explore the arrangement of the story images on the murals of west wall and their possible design methods. After finding the distinctive features and design concept of these seven stories, this research will trace back to the Dunhuang murals with similar story themes. The goal is to understand the paintingtraditions of the Sutra of Piety and other stories in Dunhuang, identifying the influences and origins that have shaped the visual representation and narrative design on the Kaihua Temple narrative paintings. The third part of the research focuses on the feature that the west wall’s murals seemed a huge connected story but in fact made up seven stories. Depends on this feature, the research will also trace back to compare Dunhuang murals with similar feature, to accomplish the realization on the influencing origin of the Kaihua Temple narrative paintings. In addition, the research will also discuss the potential relationship between the Kaihua Temple narrative paintings and the scroll narrative paintings of the Northern Song Dynasty. It is expected to learn more about the development of narrative painting in the Northern Song Dynasty through clarifying the possible relationship between the Kaihua Temple narrative paintings, Dunhuang murals and the scroll narrative paintings of the Northern Song Dynasty.