唐代的地方治理與國家統治---以中唐士人的法律經驗為中心的考察

Abstract

本計晝試圖透過韓愈（768-824)、柳宗元（773-819)、劉禹錫（772-842)、白居易 (772-846)、元稹（779-831 )、杜牧（803-852)等中唐時期士人在地方上的活動以及 他們官宦歷程中所體會到的法律經驗為中心，探討唐代的地方治理與國家統治的課題。 本計晝所稱「治理」一詞，就傳統文獻而言，有「統治管理」之意，指涉和國家事 務有關的管理和政治活動。本計晝將探討選定的幾位中唐士人任職地方官期間的表 現；或者他們的文章中所呈現其他官員的「治理」經驗，從而瞭解8~9世紀，唐代地 方治安概況與國家統治的課題。 選擇以韓愈、柳宗元、白居易、元稹、劉禹錫和杜牧等人的從政經驗為中心，正因 為他們具有以下幾個共同特質與歷史意義： 一、他們都是中晚唐時期的唐代士人。他們的從政經驗，能夠反應該時期的相關時 代課題。 二、他們都曾任職中央，後來又都經歷「貶謫」，而到地方任官，能同時反應中央 與地方的不同法律經驗，可以讓我們體會到「地方治理」和「國家統治」之間的内在 連結。 三、他們都留下份量不少的文章，各有其文集，足以讓後人瞭解他們在實務上所面 臨和處理過的「治理」經驗和所透顯的法律思想。 四、學界對他們的研究都很多，但幾乎都忽略他們在法律經驗的實際體會，以及他 們實務上所反應的法律思想。其中雖有少數士人會成為「法律思想史」教科書探討的 對象，但幾乎都僅就其一二文章論其思想，鮮有通盤檢討，全面檢視，整體評估其治 理經驗與法律思想者。 五、他們或曾為很多同時代的士人寫墓誌銘，留下不少其他官員地方治理的史料； 或曾擔任高級官員，撰寫制誥，使用過許多法律書寫的語言，凡此均屬於他們所經驗 的到的法律實務，可以一併幫助我們瞭解整個時代的地方社會治安與國家統治的關聯。 本計晝希望透過他們的法律經驗，重新建構8至九世紀唐代地方的治安與官員的作 為、儒學士人的法律思想，從而描繪唐代地方治理與國家統治之間的内在聯繫。從另 一方面說，本計晝事實上是筆者試圖重寫唐代法律思想史的一個先期功課，目前先從 最複雜的中唐時期著手，未來當可順勢旁及其他時期，以完成筆者之構想。

This project attempts to study through from Han Yu (768-824), Liu Zong-Yuan (773-819), Bai Ju-Yi (772-846), Yuan Zhen (779-831), Liu Yu-Xi (772-842), Du Mu (803-852) those documents to look inside the local governance and national ruling in middle Tang Dynasty. Through the study of legal experiences and their activities of scholars to explore the local governance and national ruling in Middle Tang period. The project, which is so called "governance", means from the traditional documents were mean "domination", refers to deal with the management and politic activities with national affairs, especially fingers the chiefs of the performances and achievements of officers. This project will select special people, Han Yu, Liu Zong-yuan, Bai Ju-Yi, Yuan Zhen, Liu Yu-xi, Du Mu, whose Political experience to do research, because ifs Symbol of some important meanings: First, all of them are scholars in middle Tang Dynasty. From their political experiences, it can reaction some issues during this period. Secondly, they all serviced in imperial government, however they also were demoted and serviced in local government.In addition, they had lots of works were left, we can research from those documents to understand their political experience and legal thought. Thirdly, many contemporary scholars wrote the epitaph and left lots of documents about local governance of other officials, which were recorded of their legal practical experiences. Studying from this project, I hope, I can through their legal experiences to reconstruct the police, the acts of officers, the legal thought of Confucianism scholars during the eighth till ninth century of Tang period. And then, we can figure out the view the relationship between the local governance and the ruling class. On the other hand, this project is a preparatory lesson that I'm trying to rewrite the history of law-though in Tang Dynasty.